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THE 

CAPTURE, 



stap ; 



GIVING A COMPLETE 



HISTORY OF PRISON LIFE IX THE SOUTH, 

PRINCIPALLY AT 

RICHMOND, DANVILLE, MACON, SAVANNAII, CHARLESTON, COLUMBIA, BELLE ISLE, 

MILLIN, SALISBURY, AND ANDERSONVILLE : DESCRIBING THE ARRIVAL OF 

PRISONERS, PLANS OF ESCAPE, WITH NUMEROUS AND VARIED 

INCIDENTS AND ANECDOTES OF PRISON LIFE : 

EMBRACING, ALSO, 

THE ADVENTURES OF THE AUTHOR'S ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA, 

SOUTH CAROLINA, HIS RECAPTURE, SUBSEQUENT ESCAPE, 

RECAPTURE, TRIAL AS SPY, AND FINAL ESCATE 

FROM SYLVANIA, CEORGIA. 

8Hft& illustrations. 

BY 

CAPTAIN WILLARD W. GLAZIER, 

U. S. V. 

To which Is added an Appendix, containing; the Name, Rank, Regiment, and 
Ro»t-Ofliee address of Prisoners. 

" We tpcak that we do know, and testify that we have seen. '• 

NEW YORK : 

UNITED STATES PUBLISHING COMPANY. 

1 8 S 8. 






Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865, by 

WILLARD W. GLAZIER, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United StateB for the Northern 

District of New York. 



I c 

L .1- 



THE TKOW A SMITH BOOK MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 
46, 48, 50 GREENE 6TBEET. 






TO 

THE WIDOWS, CHILDREN, FATHERS, 

MOTHERS, BROTHERS, SISTERS, FRIENDS, AND 

SURVIVING COMRADES 

Of fhe IfconannJ* of SN^e iffen 

WHO LEFT THE PLEASURES AND COMFORTS OF HOME, 

ABANDONED CHERISHED ENTERPRISES 

AND BUSINESS SCHEMES, 

I0R THE PURPOSE OF SERVING THEIR COUNTRY, 

AND WHO HAVE BEEN CAPTURED BY THE ENEMY WHILE 
IN THE FAITHFUL PERFORMANCE OF TUEIR DUTY, 

TO UNTIMELY GRAVES THROUGH UNPARALLELED SUFFERINGS, 
13 THIS VOLUME MOST RESPECTFULLY 

DEDICATED 

BY 

THE AUTHOR. 



" Hallow ye each lonely grave, 

Make their memory sure and blest; 
For their lives they nobly gave, 
And their spirits are at rest." 



PREFACE. 



It has been my aim in the preparation of these 
pages, to give a plain, unvarnished narrative of facts 
and incidents of Prison Life, as they occurred under 
my own observation during an experience of fourteen 
months, in various Southern Prisons. 

They do not pretend to give a complete history 
of that eventful period — only a part. Others are 
contributing sketches for the dark picture, which, at 
the best, can but poorly illustrate the fearful atroci- 
ties of our brutal keepers. 

The multiplied woes of the battle-field, and the 
sufferings of the sick and wounded in hospitals which 
the Federal Government has established, might almost 
be considered the enjoyments of Paradise, when com- 
pared with the heart-rending and prolonged agonies 
of Captives in Rebel Stockades. 

Sad and painful as it seems in the former case, 
there are a great variety of mitigating circumstances 
which tend to soothe the feelings as we contemplate 
them. Their sufferings are of comparatively short 
duration, surrounded as they are by those who 



VI PREFACE. 

never tire in their efforts to provide comfort and 
relief. Members of the numerous humane societies 
can visit thorn and attend to their wants ; hut in the 
latter case they have passed the boundary which bars 
them from all these things. 

We are even led to conclude, by the usage which 
we have received at the hands of our captors and 
brutal prison keepers, that it was their deliberate in- 
tention to maim, and thereby render us completely 
unfit for future service. They have seen us, with 
apparent satisfaction, become so much reduced in 
clothing as to have scarcely rags for a covering ; they 
have condemned us to hunger and thirst, pain and 
weariness, affliction and misery in every conceivable 
form, so that thousands of our unfortunate fellows 
have anxiously awaited the approach of the King of 
Terrors as the arrival of a welcome messenger that 
had come to bring them a happy release. 

In the absence of much information on this sub- 
ject, it is impossible for me to give an exact account 
of the number of deaths in Rebel Prisons. Still, if 
we consider the statements of several who have re- 
duced their calculations to figures, we may arrive at 
a more correct conclusion than we otherwise should. 
Robert H. Kellogg, Sergeant-Major, 16th Connecticut 
Volunteers, who was at Andersonville and Florence, 
says the deaths at the latter place were twelve per 
cent, per month. Mr. Richardson, correspondent 



PREFACE. V« 

of the New York Tribune , says it was thirteen per 
cent, at Salisbury for the same time. There were 
13,000 deaths at Andersonville. Mr. Kellogg affirms 
that one-half of his regiment captured, died in about 
seven months. Let us suppose that the prisoners 
will average 25,000 from January 1, 1862, to Jan- 
uary 1, 1865, and the deaths to be nine per cent, per 
month, or 2,250 ; then multiply by thirty-six months, 
and we have 81,000 deaths. Had we been provided 
with such clothing, shelter, and food as the laws of 
health absolutely require, it is probable that there 
would not have been more than one-eighth of the 
actual number of deaths. Hence, we conclude that 
70,875 have fallen victims to inhuman treatment. 
My figures with regard to the number of prisoners, 
and the percentage of deaths, may be too large ; but 
allowing that my estimates are nearly right, the 
awful carnage of the battle-field has not exceeded the 
frightful mortality of the Prison Pen. Whether the 
Rebels have intentionally murdered our unfortunate 
soldiers or not, I leave the reader to decide. 

I had no thoughts of publishing a book until 
several weeks after my escape. I kept a diary, or 
journal, from the time of my capture. After reading 
portions of it to some of my friends, they persuaded 
me to amplify and put it in a readable form. 

The rough manuscript was, for the most part, 
written during my imprisonment at Columbia, sit- 



VIU PREFACE. 



ting on the ground, and writing on my knee. Cap- 
tain Kelly, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, brought a part of 
that manuscript through the lines by concealing it in 
the crown of an old regulation hat. I escaped with 
the remainder concealed in the lining of my jacket ; 
and though I had the misfortune to be twice recap- 
tured, succeeded, by dint of considerable strategy, in 
bringing it safely through to Savannah. 

The Appendix is principally the work of Robert 
J. Fisher, late captain lVth Missouri Volunteers, be- 
ing taken from his lithograph, entitled the " Libby 
Prison Memorial." To these, as well as to those 
friends who have expressed an interest in the work, 
and in various ways aided in promoting it, my sin- 
cere thanks are tendered. 

WlLLARD "W. GLAZIEE. 
Albany, N. Y., November 12, 1865. 



CONTENTS 



— <$> — 

CHAPTER I. 

The Author's Enlistment and Service in the Field— Federal Defeat at Bull 
Run — Northern Patriotism — The President's Call — Organization of the 
Harris Light Cavalry— Ordered to Washington— Encampment at Mun- 
son's Hill— At Arlington Heights— McClellan's Advance to Manassas — 
Transfer of the Army of the Potomac to the Peninsula, — The Harris Light 
remains with the Army of Northern Virginia — McDowell's Advance to 
the Rappahannock— Night Attack at Falmouth— Occupation of Fred- 
ericksburgh— Raids during the Spring and Summer of 18C2— Gen- 
eral Pope's Campaign in Virginia— Battle of Cedar Mountain— The Pen- 
insular Campaign Abandoned — First Cavalry Fight at Brandy Station — 
Bull Run No. 2 — The Campaign in Maryland and Pennsylvania — Bat- 
tle of Fredericksburgh— Death of General Bayard — Defeat of the Black 
Horse Cavalry — Kilpatrick's Raid around Lee's Army — Second Cavalry 
Engagement at Brandy Station— Cavalry Fight at Aldie — Middleburgh 
— Upperville— Second Campaign in Maryland and Pennsylvania — Battle 
of Gettysburg — Engagement at Boonsboro' — Williamsport — Hagerstown 
—Falling Waters— Lie's Retreat to the Rapidan 19 

CHAPTEPw II. 

The Capture— Situation of the Army of the Potomac in October, 1863 — Gen- 
eral Meade equal to the Emergency— Action of the Rebels— General Lee's 
Flank Movement— Cavalry Fight at James City— The Army retires to 
Manassas— Cavalry Fight at Brandy Station — The Grand Charge— Gallant 
Conduct of Generals Kilpatrick and Davies — The Rebel Lines broken — 
Kilpatrick joins Buford — A third Engagement anticipated on the old 
Bull Run Battle-field— Great Alarm caused by the Accidental Burning of 
an Ammunition Wagon — Preparations for Battle — The Battle of Bristoe 
The Federal Arms Victorious — A Reconnoissance — Horses and Men 
Drowned while Fording Bull Run— Skirmishing with Rebel Cavalry, 
October 18th— Cavalry Fight at Buckland Mills— The Author's Horse 
shot under him — His Capture and Lodgment in Warrenton Jail — Rob- 
bing Prisoners— March from Warrenton to Culpepper— Sufferings of the 
Prisoners — Incidents at Culpepper— Removal to Orange Court House— 
At Gordonsville— Registering Names— The Drunken Guard— An Issue of 
Rations— From Gordonsville to Richmond— October 19 to October 23, 

1863 28 

1* 



X CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER III. 

Arrival in Richmond— Libby Prison— First Impressions— General Search for 
Greenbacks and other Valuables at Major Turner's Office— How the 
Author concealed his Journal— Meeting the old Prisoners— Description of 
the Prison— Character of Major Turner— Exchange Rumors— October 23 
to November 8, 1863 41 

CHAPTER IV. 

In the Hospital at Libby— Prevailing Diseases— Rebel Surgeons— Rations 
for the Sick— Exchange of Surgeons— Sending Messages to Friends at 
the North— Old Newsboy, Ben— Thanksgiving-Day in Libby— Invisible 
Ink— The Rebels Discover the Secret— Detention of a Love-Letter— The 
Dead-House— Escape of Dead Yankees— A Rebel Surgeon Outwitted by 
a Yankee Sailor— Sad News from Home— Bragg's Defeat— Plans for Es- 
cape—Keyhole Correspondences— Belle Isle — Amusements — An Escape 
and its Consequences— Barbarous Treatment of the Sick— November 8 
to December 16, 1863 51 

CHAPTER V. 

Return from the Hospital— An Order from General Winder— More Exchange 
Rumors— The New Year in Libby— Daily Allowance of Rations— Punish- 
ment for Singing our National Songs— Captains Sawyer and Flynn— 
John Morgan, the Rebel Raider, visits Libby— "The Great Yankee 
Tunnel "—Plan of Operation— Implements used— Disclosing the Secret; — 
Stripping for the Chimney— Escape of Prisoners— The Guard in Castle 
Thunder— Roll-call— Discovery of the Tunnel— Rebel Accounts— Kil- 
patrick's Attempt to release the Prisoners at Richmond— Death of Colonel 
Dahlgren— Rebel Mode of treating Captives from Kilpatrick's Command 
—The Prison Undermined— A Special Exchange— " Exchange on the 
Brain "—Arrival of Prisoners from Plymouth, N. C— General Wessels 
Mosby, the Rebel Guerrilla, visits Libby— Great Commotion in Rich- 
mond—General Lee reported to be defeated— Notice from Major Turner 
to be ready to leave the Prison— Each Man receives a " Corn Dodger "— 
Farewell to Libby— December 16, 1863, to May 7, 1864 70 



CHAPTER VI. 

Arrival at Danville— The Journey— Escapes from the Cars— Firing upon 
Prisoners— An Attempt to disarm the Guard— Military Importance of 
Danville— Rations— Sleeping Spoon-fashion— News from the Army — 
Tunnelling commenced— General Averill's Raid— Joy of the Prisoners — 
Uneasiness of the Rebels— Once more on the Rail— From Danville to 
Macon — Meeting Conscripts for Lee's Army— Marching in North Carolina 
Mud— The Author's Attempt to escape— In Box-cars ngain— An Un- 
pleasant Situation— Arrival at Charlotte— Singing the "Star-Spangled 
Banner "—Loyalty of the Citizens— An Issue of Rations— Attempts to 



CONTES TS. XI 

escape — Climbing Trees and digging Holes in the Ground — Amusing 
Incidents — From Charlotte to Columbia, South Carolina— From Colum- 
bia to Augusta, Georgia— From Augusta to Macon— May 7 to May IT, ISM 101 

CHAPTER VII. 

At Macon, Georgia — " Camp Oglethorpe "—Major Turner at Macon — The 
"Dead Liue"— Firing upon a Prisoner— New Arrivals— Rations— Dig- 
ging Tunnels — Tunnels Discovered by the Rebels— Punishment— Appeal 
to Captain Gibbs — Murder of Lieutenant Gricrson — Rebel Favors — New 
Tunnels— Plans for Escape Frustrated— Sentinels Instructed to shoot 
Prisoners— Special Orders No. 6 — Personal Attack of the Scurvy— Fourth 
of July in the Prison Pen— Music, Speeches, Toasts, etc. — Tiie Miniature 
Star-Spangled Banner— The Prison Authorities March in a Battalion of 
Armed Meu and Compel us to Disperse— Special Orders No. 9— My Ill- 
ness—Selling Buttons to save Life— Removal of Prisoners— May 17 to 
July 29, 1S64 • . . 113 

CHAPTER VIII. 

Savannah, Georgia—" Camp Davidson "—General Stoneman's Raid— Kind 
Treatment at Savannah — A Comparison of Rebel Prisons — Better Rations 
—Brick Ovens— Tunnelling— Our Scheme Exposed by a Cow — Joy with- 
out Death within the Stockade — Inhumanity of Colonel Wayne — " Noth- 
ing but a Damned Yankee " — Kindness of Ladies — Amusements — The 
Pursuit of Knowledge under Difficulties— Off for Charleston— July 29 to 
September 12, 1801 131 

CHAPTER IX. 

At Charleston—" Under Fire "—Arrival in the City— Our March down Com- 
ing Street— In the Jail Yard— Charleston Jail and its Imreatcs— Suffer- 
ings of the Negro Prisoners — A Friend — Inclined to be Distrustful — An 
Act of True Nobleness — Genuine Patriotism— A Higher Language than 
the Written — The Last Visit — Negro Melodies — Meeting Prisoners from 
Andersonville — Their Stories — The Ground a Mas3 of Lice — Awful Con- 
dition of the Hospital— Great Suffering — Living Death — A Captain recog- 
nizes a Member of his Company just at the point of Death — Prisoners 
Die after being told they are not in need of Medical Treatment — A Thun- 
der Storm — Refused Admission to the Jail — September 12 to September 
29, 1SG4 140 

CHAPTER X. 

Itoper Hospital— The Parole— Better Prospects— The Burnt District— Shells 
a Subject of Discussion — Morris Island — The Swamp Angel — Shelling 
the City — Sisters of Charity — Yellow Fever— Our Enlisted Men on 
Charleston Race Course— Orders to "Pack up "—General Foster's Re- 
taliation has a Good Effect— Farewell to Charleston —Poem by Lieu- 
tenant J. Ogden— September 29 to October 5, 186 1 153 



Xll CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XL 

Removal to Columbia, South Carolina— Description of the Journey from 
Charleston— Cattle Cars Defined— Kindness of the Guard— Arrival at 
Columbia — Bayoneting a Prisoner — A Terrific Rain Storm — Peace Move- 
ments — Practical Infamy of the Rebels — They urge the Prisoners to 
take a Parole— Threatened with Confinement in old Tobacco Houses . . 



CHAPTER XII. 

"Camp Sorghum" — News from the Army— An Issue of Clothing received* 
from our Sanitary Commission — Joy of the Prisoners — The Presidential 
Election — Political Discussions — Manner of Voting — The Result — An 
Escape — A Prisoner Shot— Rebel Eloquence — " Long Live the Dutchman " 
— " Rum " deprives him of Authority — Thoughts of Home — Allowed to 
get Wood by taking a Parole— Turning Night into Day— A Prisoner 
caught by Hounds — Drawing Meat Ration at " Camp Sorghum "—Gov- 
ernor Brown's Proclamation — Heavy Frosts — No Blankets — Sleeping in 
the Middle — No Prospect of an Exchange — Renewed Determination to 
Escape— October 6 to November 26, 1S64 175 



CHAPTER XIII. 

The Escape from Columbia — My Companion— Halted by the Guard— Act- 
ing the Part of paroled Prisoners— Passing the " Dead Line "—Meeting 
Negroes — Travelling with a guide — Blind Roads — Challenged by a 
Picket — " I dun no what make dem Niggers run so " — Ingenuity of 
our Guide — Picket Reserve — Searching for my Companion under 
Difficulties — Subsisting upon Blueberries — Appealing to Sympathy — 
Kindness of Mrs. Taylor — A Negro Prayer-meeting — How we secured a 
Paper — Crossing the North Edisto — The Road terminates in a Swamp — 
Other Difficulties — My Companion's Misfortune — Pursued by Bush- 
whackers — Meeting Escaped Prisoners at Aiken — Approaching a Negro 
—Concealed in a Corn-fodder House— An Attempt to travel by Rail— 
We hear Cannonading — Greatly encouraged — Followed by a Hound— A 
Happy Mistake — Crossing the Savannah in a Cypress Canoe — Bailing for 
Life — Alligators — The North Star — Cavalry Patrol — A Negro Cobbler 
repairs the Author's Shoes— November 26 to December 11, 1864 .... 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Following the Rebel Army in Georgia— Fording Streams— We run to pre- 
vent Chilling — Striking the Trail of the Armies — Appearance of the 
Country — Pursued by Hounds — Narrow Escape from Fire — Interview 
with a Planter — He thinks the Author a Rebel Officer — Rations in the 
Pantry — Inquiring for General Wheeler's Cavalry — We obtain all the 
Particulars — Meeting Negroes — " De Planter was a Bushwhacker " — Un- 
pleasant Predicament— Meeting a Rebel Officer by Accident— My Horse 



CONTENTS. XU1 

shot at Waynesboro'— My Regiment the Third South Carolina Cavalry- 
Discussing Present Prospects— The Proposed Meeting at Mr. Brown's — 
Roasting Corn— Accidentally seen by a Planter— A Critical Situation- 
Hounds on Track— Flanking a Picket— Duping Rebel Couriers— Crossing 
Big Ebenezcr Creek— Burying one of our own Soldiers— A dashing Ride 
on Horses left by the Rebel Couriers— Concealed near a Picket— Decem- 
ber 11 to December 16, 1804 2SS 



CHAPTER XV. 

Re-captured by a Rebel Picket— The Challenge— Arrival at the Reserve of 
the Picket— Regarded as a Yankee Spy— Kindness of a Rebel Soldier— 
An Attempt to bribe the Guard—" Let 'em stretch Hemp "—Apparently 
unable to Walk— Once more in the Saddle— The Escape and Pursuit— 
Recaptured by Texans— At General Wheeler's Head-quarters — Con- 
finement in the County Jail at Springfield, Georgia— December 16 to 
December 20, 1864 257 



CHAPTER XVI. 

The Escape from Sylvania, Georgia— The Plan— Taking Rations intended 
for the Rebel Guard— Hounds to be put on Track— Confiding our Plans 
to a Negro — Concealed in an old Pine-tree Top— In a Swamp near Spring- 
field — Rebel Deserters — The Interview with Mrs. Keyton — Turning the 
Tables — Ill-fated Dixie — General Sherman just where they wanted him — 
Startled by Hounds — Bushwhackers in Pursuit — A Narrow Escape — An 
Amusing Incident — Efforts to obtain a Guide — Colored Man No. 3 — " I'll 
do it, Massa, if God be my Helper " — Approaching the Outpost — Within 
the Federal Lines— December 20 to December 24, 1S64 277 



CHAPTER XVII. 

Homeward Bound— Arrival at Savannah — Not easily Identified— Regarded 
as Spies— Pronounced Genuine Union Soldiers— Unsettled State of the 
Army — Wright succeeds in finding his Regiment after a long Search — 
Kindness of Captain Swallow— My Christmas Dinner — At Kilpatrick's 
Head-quarters on the Ogeechee River — Return to Savannah— Furnished 
Transportation to New York— On Board the Steamship Planter — Trans- 
ferred to the Delaware— Arrival at Hilton Head— On Board the Ashland 
— In a Gale off Cape Hatteras — Sea-sickness — Arrival at New York — De- 
cember 24, 1S64, to January 4, 1865 SOI 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

Selections from the Files of the Libhy Chronicle — Prospectus — Kansas 
Brigade's Version of John Brown— South Window, No. 1 — Conundrums 
—Castle Thunder, in Three Parts, a Poem— News of Libby— South Win- 



XIV CONTENTS. 

dow, No. 2— The Libbyad, a Poem— Who is Responsible for Non-Ex- 
change of Prisoners— South Window, No. 3— The Soldier and the Gentle- 
man — The Irruption, a Poem 310 

CHAPTER XIX. 

At Millin— Testimony of Sergeant W. Goodyear— The Iuclosure— Average 
Number of Deaths per Day— Daily Allowance of Rations— Excitement at 
the Presidential Election— Inducements to enter the Rebel Service ... 330 

CHAPTER XX. 

Salisbury Prison— Experience of Mr. Richardson— Great Suffering for 
want of Bread and Shelter— " Give them Quarter Rations "—Terrible 
Condition of the Hospitals— Salisbury Penitentiary as viewed by Mr. 
Brown— The Prisoners driven to Desperation 338 

CHAPTER XXI. 

At Andersonvillc— Testimony of Ira E. Forbes— His Capture and Removal 
to Camp Sumter— Traffic with the Rebels— Generosity of the Citizens of 
Charleston — Arrival at Andersonville — Captain Wirz — The "Dead Line " 
— Shooting Prisoners— Frightful Mortality— Burial of the Dead— Intense 
Mental Trials— Ravages of Scurvy— Awful Condition of the Hospital — 
Removal of Prisoners to Florence, South Carolina— Union Prisoners 
from Dixie's Sunny Land— Rations Issued by the United States Govern- 
ment to Rebel Prisoners of War— Statement of Clothing Issued to 
Rebel Prisoners of War at Fort Delaware 345 



APPENDIX. 

Containing the Name, Rank, Regiment, and Post Office Address of the Offi- 
cers who were imprisoned at Richmond, Danville, Macon. Savannah, 
Charleston, Columbia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsborough, 1S64 and 
1865 36T 



fist of gllttstratiffns. 
— » > » 

PAGE 

1. Portrait of the Author, Frontispiece. 

2. The Capture— Cavalry Fight at Buckland Mills, 85 

3. Libby Prison, ---------- 43 

4. Interior View of Libby Prison, -------71 

5. The Hole in the Floor, 91 

G. Tunnelling— The Narrow Path to Freedom, - 117 

7. Jail Yard, Charleston, South Carolina, ----- 145 

8. Drawing Meat Rations at Camp Sorghum, 1S9 

9. The Escape— Fed by Negroes in a Swamp, - 233 

10. Rebel Mode of Capturing Escaped Prisoners, - 249 

11. The Escape and Pursuit, 265 

12. Came too near the Dead Line, ------- 335 

13. Interior View of the Audersonville Prison, ... - 349 



THE 

PRINCIPAL REBEL PRISONS, AND WHERE THEY WERE LOCATED. 



Libby, Richmond, Virginia. 

Castle Thunder, Richmond, Virginia. 

Danville, Spottsylvauia County, Virginia. 

Belle Isle, in James River, near Richmond. 

Macon, Georgia, known south as Camp Oglethorpe. 

Savannah, Georgia, known south as Camp Davidsou. 

Andersonville, Sumter County, Georgia, known south as Camp Sumter. 

Millin, Burke County, Georgia, known south as Camp Lawton. 

Charleston, South Carolina. 

Columbia, South Carolina. 

Blackstone, South Carolina. 

Florence, Darlington County, South Carolina. 

Salisbury, Rowan County, North Carolina. 

Raleigh, North Carolina. 

Goldsborough, North Carolina. 

Charlotte, North Carolina. 

Tyler, Smith County, Texas. 

Cahawba, Dallas County, Alabama. 



THE CAPTUKE, 

THE 



CHAPTER I. 

ENLISTMENT, AND SERVICE IN THE FIELD. 

The first battle of Bull Run was fought July twenty- 
first 1861, and the shock of arms was felt throughout 
the land, carrying triumph to the South and to the 
North dismay. Gur proud and confident advance into 
" Dixie " was not only checked, but turned into a 
disastrous rout. The patriotic, but un warlike, en- 
thusiasm of the country, which had hoped to crush 
the Rebellion with seventy-five thousand men, was 
temporarily stifled. But the chilling was only like 
that of the first stealthy drops of the thunder-gust 
upon a raging fire, which breaks out anew and with 
increased vigor when the tempest fans it with its 
fury, and now burns in spite of a deluge of rain. 
The chill had passed and the fever was raging. 
From the great centres of national life went forth 
warm currents of renovating public opinion, which 
reached the farthest hamlet on our frontiers. Every 



20 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

true man was grasping the stirring questions of the 
day, and was discussing them with his family at his 
own tire-side, and the Rebellion was just as surely 
doomed as when Grant received the surrender of 
Lee's army. In a deeper and broader sense than be- 
fore, the country was rising to meet the emergency, 
and Northern patriotism, now thoroughly aroused, 
was sweeping every thing before it. Everywhere re- 
sounded the cry, " To arms ! " and thousands upon 
thousands were responding to the President's gener- 
ous call. 

It w T as under these circumstances that I enlisted, 
as a private soldier, at Troy, New York, on the sixth 
day of August, in a company raised by Captain 
Clarence Buel, for the Second Regiment of New 
York Cavalry, Harris Light. It is needless to make 
elaborate mention of the motives which induced me 
to enter the service, or the emotions which then tilled 
my breast ; they can be readily conjectured by every 
loyal heart. 

ORGANIZATION OF THE HARRIS LIGHT CAVALRY. 

The Harris Light Cavalry was organized by J. 
Mansfield Davies, of New York, as colonel, assisted 
by Judson Kilpatrick, of New Jersey, as lieutenant- 
colonel. 

Up to this time it had been no part of the policy 
of the Government to increase the cavalry arm of the 
service. General Scott had trusted entirely to infan- 
try, and his counsel and example were still potent. 
Bull Run, however, had demonstrated the efficiency 
of cavalry, and the authorities began to change their 



AND THE ESCAPE. 2 1 

views. To match the famous Black Horse Cavalry 
of Virginia, it was proposed to raise a cavalry force 
in the North, and as Senator Ira Harris, of New 
York, was giving this organization his patronage and 
influence, a brigade was formed whose banners' should 
bear his name. The Harris Light, to which I be- 
longed, was composed of men from New York, New 
Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, Pennsylvania, and In- 
diana. It was originally intended for the regular 
army, and was for some time known as the Seventh 
United States Cavalry, but this branch of the service 
having been reduced to six regiments, we were as- 
signed to New York, as she had contributed the 
largest number of men to the organization. 

During the latter part of August, we were ordered 
to Washington, and, after a month's drill, crossed the 
Potomac and encamped in front of the enemy at 
Munson's Hill. 

McClellan was then chief in command, and all 
was quiet along the Potomac until spring. The win- 
ter was spent in drilling, and the Rebel General Lee's 
plantation on Arlington Heights and the surrounding 
country was thoroughly trodden by loyal feet, as men 
and horses were learning the tactics of war. Thus 
the foundation of a career destined to be important 
and glorious was laid, and the discipline imparted 
to the army was of incalculable service in after 
campaigns. 

M C CLELLAN 1 S ADVANCE r iO MANASSAS. 
The grand advance of the Army of the Potomac 
began March third, 1862, and resulted in the capture 



22 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

of the " Quaker guns " at Ceutreville. In this daring 
campaign the Harris Light was honored with the po- 
sition of body-guard to McClellan. Bearing its re- 
cently earned laurels, the army then fell back to its 
old position and held a council of war, and shortly 
after the main portion of it was embarked for the 
memorable Peninsular Campaign. General Mc- 
Dowell was left in command of Northern Virginia, 
with a small force, whose chief design was to defend 
Washington, but which rendered good service in ha- 
rassing the enemy still remaining in our front. 

NIGHT ATTACK AT FALMOUTH. 

About the first of April, McDowell advanced 
with the small force left in his command, to recon- 
noitre the position and power of the enemy. Colo- 
nel — afterwards General — Bayard, was in command 
of the cavalry, which consisted only of the Harris 
Light and the First Pennsylvania. Several days 
were spent in feeling the front of the enemy, each 
side becoming gradually familiar with the changed 
circumstances of affairs, though neither seemed dis- 
posed to take a hasty step which might prove ad- 
vantageous to the other. This cautious kind of policy 
was, however, disturbed by the apparently reckless 
daring of General — then Colonel — Kilpatrick. The 
enemy was strongly intrenched at Falmouth Heights, 
and he asked permission to surprise them in the night. 
After much persuasion, leave was granted, and, at ihe 
head of our small regiment alone, he undertook the 
work. Stratagem, of course, was the only alterna- 
tive, and as we approached the works, under cover of 



AND THE ESCAPE. 23 

the darkness, to within hearing of the Rebel pickets, 
Kilpatrick shouted to his command, — 

" Bring up your artillery in the centre, and infan- 
try on the left ! " 

" Well, but, Colonel," replied an honest, though 
rather obtuse captain, " we haven't got any — " 

" Silence in the ranks ! " shouted the commander. 
" Artillery in the centre, infantry on the left ! " 

The pickets caught and spread the alarm, and the 
heights were carried with little opposition. 

The early part of summer was spent mostly in 
raiding and reconnoitring. Expeditions were sent 
in every direction, but more especially toward Rich- 
mond. Railroads and telegraph lines were de- 
stroyed, and commissary stores in large quantities. 
Thus the cavalry found enough both of war and ro- 
mance. Indeed, "we picket our outposts, scout the 
whole country for information, open our tights, cover 
our retreats, or clear up and finish our victories, as 
the case may be. In short, we are never idle, and 
rarely find rest for either men or horses." 

POPE'S CAMPAIGN IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA. 

In July, 1862, General Pope took command of the 
troops in Virginia, and soon after fought the battle 
of Cedar Mountain. A battalion of the Harris Light 
was McDowell's body-guard during the engagement. 

McClellan having concluded his campaign on the 
Peninsula, re-embarked his decimated troops for 
Washington, while Lee forsook his fortifications in 
the vicinity of Richmond, and soon confronted Pope 
on the old Bull Run battle-ground. While these prep- 



24 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

arations were being made, occurred the first cavalry 
fight at Brandy Station, in which the Harris Light 
lost heavily. 

After our second disaster at Ball Run, the cavalry 
covered the retreat to Washington, checking the ad- 
vance of the Rebels, and covering the flanks and rear 
of our demoralized army. This necessitated con- 
tinual fighting with the enemy's cavalry and with the 
vanguard of their infantry. 

By the almost continual fighting of the summer 
campaign, with almost ceaseless marching and picket- 
ing, our ranks were sadly depleted ; consequently we 
were ordered to Hall's Hill, eight miles south of 
Washington, to recruit our wasted strength and 
numbers. 

Our stay, however, was of short duration, for by 
the first of November, we were again moving to the 
front, under command of General Bayard, and for 
nearly one month our boys were on the picket-line, 
preparing the way for the disastrous 

BATTLE OF FREDEItlCKSBURGII, 

which commenced on the thirteenth of December, 
and continued to the sixteenth, when General Burn- 
side, with his whole army, was forced to recross the 
Rappahannock. On the first day of the engagement, 
General Bayard fell mortally wounded by a solid 
shot, and thus baptized, with his heart's blood, the 
very day which had been previously appointed for 
his nuptials. This young and gallant officer was 
universally lamented. After the battle, winter- 
quarters were established, and the two armies passed 



AND THE ESCAPE. 25 

the stormy season watching each other across the 
narrow river, the cavalry, as usual, occupying the ex- 
treme front. 

The spring campaign of 1863 was opened with 
the usual cavalry raids and reconnoissances. On the 
seventeenth of April, a squadron of the Harris Light 
was ordered from Bealeton to "Warrenton, with in- 
structions to occupy the town till four o'clock p. m. On 
arriving near the village we ascertained that the famous 
Black Horse Cavalry held possession, and from their 
world-wide reputation, we expected they would give . 
us a splendid entertainment. The boys were all 
eager to cross sabres with these heroes of Bull Run, 
and hasty preparations were made for the attack. 
Our small force was divided into two parties, with 
orders to enter the village from opposite directions. 
On entering the town, we found the foe formed in 
battle array, our approach having been discovered by 
a picket, stationed in a church steeple. Immediately 
we drew sabres, and bore down upon them with a 
veil. They advanced to receive us, fired a few shots, 
unsheathed their bloodless sabres, and, strange to 
say, wheeled about and dashed away to the rear at a 
break-neck pace, without even halting to pay us the 
compliment of an affectionate farewell. 

They were undoubtedly seized with the spirit of 
the muse who sings : 

" He who fights and runs away, 
"Will live to fight another day." 

During the winter, General Hooker was appoint- 
ed commander of the army, and great preparations 
2 



26 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

were made for a vigorous campaign. Much of the 
efficiency of the cavalry in subsequent movements, 
was largely due to Hooker, who organized it into a 
distinct corps, and gave it new inducements and 
means to success. 

On the twenty-seventh of April, the army again 
crossed the Rappahannock, and the bloody battle of 
Chancellorsville was fought. General Stoneman com- 
manded the cavalry corps, and, during the battle, he 
not only turned the enemy's position, but also cut off 
then* communications in the rear. Meanwhile oc- 
curred 

kilpatrick's raid around lee's army. 

This intrepid leader, breaking away from the 
main body of cavalry with his regiment, galloped 
eutirely around Lee's army, passed within the second 
line of fortifications around Richmond, frightened 
terribly the Home Guards of the chivalry, swooped 
around, like an eagle, through Yorktown and back to 
Brandy Station, in time to participate in the second 
tight there, on the ninth of June. This was thought 
to be the largest and most stubbornly contested cav- 
alry battle of the war. 

Lee, at this time, was marching up the Shenan- 
doah Valley, and our cavalry, under General Pleasan- 
ton, was guarding the supply-train in the rear of our 
army, and fighting the Rebel General Stuart through 
the many gaps of the Blue Ridge. 

During this advance were fought the battles of Al- 
die, Middleburgh and Upperville, all severe contests, 
in which it was proven that ^Northern men could be 



AND THE ESCAPE. 27 

heroes on horseback, as well as on foot. Immediately 
on the heel of these battles came the general engage- 
ment of Gettysburgh, during which time our cavalry 
held Stuart and his command well at bay, while they 
harassed not a little the enemy's flank and rear. 

On the night of July fourth, Kilpatrick, then 
commanding a division, captured Longstreet's entire 
wagon-train, laden with the ripe crops of Pennsylvania 
and Maryland, and with the plunder of private and 
public stores, together with fourteen hundred prison- 
ers, in spite of Stuart's most vigorous defence, and 
subsequent efforts at recapture. 

During Lee's retreat from soil where he had never 
been successful, Kilpatrick and Stuart were almost 
daily in conflict. Hagerstown, Boonsboro', and Wil- 
liamsport, were scenes of hard-fought battles, and 
attack followed attack almost incessantly, until Lee's 
staggering rear was bagged while endeavoring to 
cross the Potomac at Falling Waters, on the four- 
teenth of July. 

We then followed up the great Rebel raider, 
until he halted on the south bank of the Rapidan. 
Here picketing and sharpshooting continued but a 
few weeks, and were followed by brilliant and disas- 
trous movements, which the following chapter will 
relate. 



28 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER II. 

THE CAPTURE. 

In the early part of October, 1863, the Army of 
the Potomac encamped along the Rapidan, seeking 
rest from the arduous labors of the Pennsylvania cam- 
paign. 

From April till September the contestants had been 
almost constantly engaged, each endeavoring to deal 
the fatal blow that was intended to drive its antagonist 
back either upon Richmond or "Washington. Public 
feeling, both North and South, had been wrought up 
to its highest pitch. General Meade, it was hoped by 
the loyal, would prove himself equal to the emergency, 
and many prayers ascended daily for him and his noble 
army. 

The season was well nigh consumed, and yet no 
decisive results were apparent. True, the Rebel inva- 
sion of Pennsylvania had proved a great failure, and 
Gettysburg had been a bloody turning point of the 
Rebellion. The ranks of Lee's army had been some- 
what thinned by desertions, and much shattered by 
unprecedented casualties in battle. Nevertheless he 
still presented a strong and daring front, indicative 
of much nnwasted energy. On our side active prepa- 
rations were in progress for a renewal of the struggle. 
Picket lines along the front were re-enforced, with or- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 29 

ders to be un usually vigilant. Reconnoissances were fre- 
quent, and scouts were busy in every direction, and a 
general advance was confidently expected. But just on 
the eve of movement, intelligence was received that Lee 
bad very suddenly withdrawn the main force of bis 
army from tbe line of the Rapidan, and was making a 
rapid flank movement, wbich threatened the occupa- 
tion of tbe plains of Manassas, before Meade could 
reacb them. Swift couriers, from officers bigh in com- 
mand, brought orders to retire witb promptness, but 
in good order, if possible. 

CAVALRY FIGHT AT JAMES CITY. 

All the cavalry pickets along tbe Robertson and 
Rapidan rivers were witbdrawn early on the morning 
of October nintb, witb orders to concentrate at James 
City. The following morning witnessed a severe and 
bloody figbt, which continued witb unabated fury and 
slaughter until eight o'clock at night, when the con- 
tending squadrons sought repose from their work of 
death. 

With the first pencillings of the morning light of 
the eleventh, we took up our line of march towards 
the Rappahannock. Skirmishing afforded the music 
of the march. On the Sperryville pike to Culpepper, 
the Rebels pressed us closely and vigorously. At this 
point the cavalry corps separated, Buford with bis 
division falling back by way of Stevensburgh, Gregg 
by Sulphur Springs, leaving Kilpatrick on the main 
thoroughfare along the railroad line. 

No sooner had Kilpatrick moved out of Culpepper 
than Hampton's division of cavalry made a furious 



30 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

attack upon the Harris Light, acting as rear-guard, 
with the evident design of breaking through upon the 
main column to disperse or delay it, so as to enable a 
flanking force to intercept our retreat. Gallantly 
repelling every attack, the command advanced to 

BRANDY STATION, 

where an accumulation of formidable difficulties 
threatened our annihilation. Fitz Hugh Lee with the 
flower of the Rebel cavalry had possession of the only 
road upon which it was possible for Kilpatrick to 
retire. Stuart, at the head of another column of cav- 
alry, supporting artillery well posted on a long line of 
hills, completely covered our left. Our right was 
exposed to a galling fire from sharp-shooters hidden 
behind the forest trees, while just behind us were 
Hampton's legions predicting speedy destruction to 
their surrounded foe. 

This was a situation to try the stoutest hearts. 
Nothing daunted, however, by this terriffic array of 
an enemy very superior in numbers, Kilpatrick dis- 
played that decision and daring which have ever char- 
acterized him as a great cavalry leader, and proved 
himself worthy of the brave men who composed his 
command. His preparation for 

THE GRAND CHARGE 
was soon completed. Forming his division into three 
lines of battle, he assigned the right to General H. 
E. Davies, jr., the left to General Custer, and, placing 
himself in the centre, advanced with terrible determi- 
nation to the contest. Having approached to within a 



AND THE ESCAPE. 31 

few hundred yards of the enemy's lines, he ordered ' 
his band to strike up a national air, to whose spirit- 
stirring strains was joined the blast of scores of bugles 
ringing forth the charge. Brave hearts became braver, 
and faltering ones waxed warmer and stronger, until 
pride of country had touched this raging sea of thought 
and emotion, kindling an unconquerable principle that 
emphatically affirmed every man a hero unto death. 

Fired to an almost divine potency, with a majestic 
madness this band of heroic troopers shook the air 
with their battle cry and dashed forward to meet their 
unequal foe. With his usual daring, Davies was fore- 
most in the fray, leading his command for the fourth 
time on this memorable field.* 

To his command he addressed these stirring words : 
" Soldiers of the First Brigade ! I know you have not 
forgotten the example of your brave comrades, who in 
past engagements here were not afraid to die in defence 
of the old flag." 

So swiftly swept forward this tide of animated 
power, that the Rebel lines broke in wild dismay be- 
fore the uplifted sabres of these unflinching veterans, 
who, feeling that life and country were at stake, risked 
them both upon the fearful issue. Kilpatrick thus 
escaped disaster, defeated his pursuers, and presented 
to the beholders one of the grandest scenes ever wit- 
nessed on the Western continent. 

" By Heaven ! it was a splendid sight to see, 
For one who had no friend or brother there." 

* The first battle of Brandy Station was fought August 20, 
1862; the second, June 9th; the third, September 12th; and 
the fourth, October 11, 18G3. 



32 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN> 

No one who looked upon that wonderful panorama 
can ever forget it. On the great field were riderless 
horses ancf dying men ; clouds of dirt from solid shot 
and bursting shell ; broken caissons and upturned am-, 
bulances, and long lines of cavalry dashing in the 
charge, with their drawn and firmly grasped sabres 
glistening in the light of the declining sun, while far 
beyond the scene of tumult were the dark green for- 
ests skirting the banks of the Rappahannock. 

Kilpatrick soon after joined Buford, and together 
they engaged the enemy in a series of brilliant charges 
which materially checked his pursuit, and at night we 
crossed the Rappahannock in safety. 

The army continued to retreat to the old field of 
Bull Run, where it was expected a third battle would 
be fought. 

On the twelfth of October a portion of our infantry 
having recrossed the Rappahannock, made a forced 
march to Brandy Station, where a spirited engage- 
ment took place. The movement was probably 
nothing more than a reconnoissance, or an intention to 
deceive the enemy. 

On the following evening, while bivouacking not 
far from Bealeton, an amusing scene diverted for a 
time the attention of the boys. By accident an am- 
munition wagon took fire, causing the rapid explosion 
of its contents. The consequence was a wide-spread 
alarm, which brought every trooper to his horse, ready 
to engage the foe, who was supposed to have made a 
furious onset ! Merriment and rest followed the dis- 
covery of the disturbance. 

Closely pursued by the enemy, our army continued 



AND THE ESCAPE. 33 

its retreat until late in the afternoon of the fourteenth 
when a general halt was ordered and preparations 
made for battle. 

BATTLE OF BRISTOE. 

At early dawn of the fifteenth the thunder of our 
artillery at Bristoe announced Meade's intention to 
fight, and opened an engagement which gave the en- 
emy a disastrous repulse, effectually checking his ad- 
vance, which thus far had met but little resistance. 

On the following day, while Kilpatrick was mak- 
ing a reconnoissance in force, a terrific rain-storm 
having swollen the streams to a great height, several 
men and horses were drowned while endeavoring to 
ford Bull Kun. Skirmishing, picketing, and scouting, 
kept Kilpatrick's forces busy until the nineteenth of 
October, when was fought the spirited 

CAVALRY FIGHT AT BUCKLAND MILLS. 

At daybreak Kilpatrick left Gainesville en route 
for Warrenton. Stuart's cavalry, which had picketed in 
our front through the night, immediately retired from 
before us, and, to our surprise, made no resistance to 
our advance. We followed him quite closely until 
our advance had just passed New Baltimore, when 
Fitz Hugh Lee, who had surprised and cut his way 
through a small detachment of our infantry at 
Thoroughfare Gap, fell upon our rear-guard at 
Buckland Mills, and opened upon it with a battery 
of flying artillery. At this signal, Stuart, who had 
hitherto been quietly retiring, now turned and 
2* 



34 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

charged us in front. General Gordon, whose com- 
mand was carefully concealed until now, appeared on 
our left, and made a furious attack, which threatened 
to sever the two small brigades which composed Kil- 
patrick's division. 

This was a critical situation, but " Kil " (as the 
general was familiarly known) seemed to comprehend 
it in a moment. He ordered his whole force to wheel 
about and to charge back on Lee's columns. This 
timely order, executed with, masterly skill, saved his 
command from utter disaster. The Harris Light, 
having been in front while advancing, by this sudden 
evolution was thrown in the rear, and was thus 
compelled to meet the desperate charges of the enemy 
in pursuit. Reaching a little rise of ground in the 
road, we made a stand, and for some time checked 
the advancing Rebels, by pouring into their ranks 
deadly volleys from our carbines and revolvers. 
Stuart, who commanded in person, saw clearly that 
he could dislodge us only by a charge, and, ordering 
it, led a brigade upon us. Our men stood firmly, and 
were soon engaged in a hand-to-hand conflict with 
their advancing columns. 

THE CAPTURE. 

At this important juncture, my faithful horse was 
shot under me, and our little party, outnumbered 
ten to one, was hurled back by the overpowering 
shock of the Rebels, who rode directly over me. 
Injured severely by the fall of my horse, and by the 
chaining squadrons that trod upon me, I lay in the 
.mud for some time quite insensible, and, when re- 



<3£ 



AND THE ESCAPE. 37 

turning to full consciousness, found that I was being 
carried hastily from the scene of action by a Rebel 
guard. My arms had been taken from me and my 
pockets rifled of all their valuables, including my 
watch. I was borne to a spot near an old building, 
where I met a number of my comrades who, with me, 
had shared the misfortunes of the day. 

Here we witnessed an amusing exhibition of 
Rebel bravery. The woods in the vicinity were full 
of skulkers, and, in order to make a show of having 
something to do, they would make their appearance 
in the rear of the lighting columns and devote them- 
selves sedulously to guarding the prisoners. Privates, 
corporals, and sergeants in succession had ns in 
charge ; each in his turn would call us into line, count 
us in an officious manner, and issue orders according 
to his liking, until some sneak of higher rank came 
along, assumed command and said in a tone of au- 
thority to the others, " Gentlemen, your services are 
much needed at the front ; go and do your duty like 
soldiers." This was said with chattering teeth and 
anxious glances in the direction of our cavalry. 

Thus we were guarded and goaded by one coward 
after another — each styling himself " Assistant Depu- 
ty Provost Marshal " — until evening, when we were 
marched to the county-seat and lodged 

IN THE WARRENTON JAIL. 
During the night most of the prisoners were rob- 
bed of their clothing and valuables by the guards, and 
in fact every thing was taken which could be of the 
slightest value. One of these " chivalrous gentlemen," 



38 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

whose " vaulting ambition generally o'efleaped itself," 
demanded my entire wardrobe, when the following 
conversation ensued: — 

Reb. " Here, Yank, hand me that ar hat, and 
come out of that overcoat and them ar boots too, 
you d d son of a ." 

Fed. " The articles you demand are my personal 
property, and you have no right to take them from 
me." 

Reb. " We have authority from General Stuart 
to take from prisoners whatever we d — n please." 

Fed. " I- doubt your authority, sir, and if you 
are a gentleman you will not be guilty of stripping a 
defenceless prisoner." 

Reb. " I'll show you my authority, you d — d blue 
belly" (drawing his revolver). " Now take off that ar 
coat, or I'll blow your brains out." 

Fed. " Blow away, then ; it's as well to be with- 
out brains as without clothing." 

Johnuy Reb. was not quite disposed to fire upon 
me, and, giving his head a shake, walked away, think- 
ing, no doubt, that he could supply his wants in 
another direction without wasting his ammunition. 

REMOVAL TO CULPEPPER. 

On the morning of the twentieth, before sunrise, we 
started for Culpepper. This was one of the severest 
tramps of my life. The weather was exceedingly 
warm, and the distance about thirty miles. Our 
guards were mounted, and evinced but little sympathy 
with us in our unfortunate condition, as we endeav- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 39 

ored to keep pace with them. Our forced march was 
owing to the fact that Lee's army, defeated at Bristol, 
and afterward at Rappahannock Station, was retreat- 
ing rapidly to its strongholds on the Rapidan, with 
our forces in pursuit. It was a relief to our weary 
minds to hear of the success of our old companions, 
from whom we had been so recently and rudely torn, 
and to reflect on the peculiar fortunes of war, as seen 
during the campaign now about to close. 

In June last, the great armies swung like a mighty 
pendulum from the Rappahannock, Virginia, to the 
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, then back to the Rapidan, 
afterwards to the Potomac, and now to the Rapidan 
again. It is very encouraging to notice that the 
swing of the Rebel army northward shortens at every 
move, giving indications of its waning power. "With 
such cogitations we solaced ourselves by the way, and 
yet none, save those who have passed through the 
same experience, know how to sympathize with a 
captured and dismounted cavalier on a march. "We 
were not only unused to this mode of locomotion, but 
were encumbered with heavy, high-heeled cavalry 
boots, which soon unmercifully blistered our feet, 
made unusually tender by the mud and water through 
which we were compelled to travel. Our sufferings 
were indescribable. Curses and threats long and loud 
were freely indulged in by the guard, because we 
could not walk even faster than their horses. Before 
reaching Culpepper six of our number fell by the 
wayside utterly exhausted. Under such circumstances 
it is not strange that I should think of various plans 
of escape during the day, but, in consequence of the 



40 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

vigilance of the guard, was unable to find the golden 
opportunity I sought to execute thern. 

Having arrived to Culpepper, we were lodged in a 
large public hall, where we were permitted to remain 
nearly twenty -four hours. 

Late in the evening of the twenty-first we started 
on our memorable journey 

FROM CULPEPPER TO RICHMOND. 

Unticketed, but not unguarded, we took the cars 
for Eapidan Station, where we had to leave the train, 
as the railroad bridge was destroyed, and our party 
was marched to Orange Court House, a distance of 
six miles. Thoroughly demoralized by our thirty 
mile tramp of the twentieth, we found every step of 
this short journey pregnant with pain. The boys will 
not soon forget the experience of this day. The next 
morning we left by rail for Gordonsville, where we 
remained until three o'clock on the morning of the 
twenty-third. The guards here were very insulting 
and abusive, being intoxicated with bad politics and 
even worse whiskey. Their extremely bad conduct, 
cursing us and levelling their muskets at our heads, 
procured their relief from this duty, w 7 hen their 
places were filled by others more human. From this 
place a few hours' ride on the Virginia Central Rail- 
road, brought us to the Rebel capital, to be consigned 
to the tender mercies of Libby Prison. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 41 



CHAPTER III. 

LIBBY PRISON. 

At eight o'clock on the morning of Friday, Octo- 
ber twenty-third, we arrived in Richmond. The 
streets were crowded with people whose countenances 
betokened anxiety concerning the result of the terri- 
ble struggle that had just terminated in Northern 
Virginia. 

Immediately after our arrival at the depot we were 
hurried from the cars and marched through some of 
the principal streets toward the James River. As we 
passed along we were saluted with innumerable ques- 
tions and observations, the general character of which 
may be inferred from the following specimens : " How 
are you, blue bellies ? " " Why didn't you'uns all 
come into Richmond with your arms on % " " What 
did you'uns all want to come down here to run oft' 
we'uns niggers and burn we'uns houses for ? " Mrs. 
Johnny Reb remarked : " If these are the officers of 
Lincoln's army, what must the privates be ? " Another 
sensitively delicate matron, taking her cue from the 
latter, chimed in with a tragic shudder, " Oh, what a 
pity that our noble sons should be murdered by such 
miserable vagabonds ! " 

The usual southern epithets for Federal soldiers 
were vigorously applied, and such as the following 



42 THE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 

were showered upon us : " Hirelings," " mudsills," 
" greasy meclianics," " Northern vandals," etc. 

A troop of boys followed in the rear, hooting, 
hallooing, and calling us names, and, really, as is 
generally the case, they surpassed the older ones for 
smartness and venom. 

FIRST IMPRESSIONS. 

After a walk of little more than a mile, we were 
halted in front of a large three-story brick building, 
old and somewhat dilapidated, situated on the corner 
of Twentieth and Cary streets. It is about one hun- 
dred and thirty-five feet long, and one hundred and 
five feet wide, and reminded me of the old French 
Bastile, with its dark and frowning walls. On the 
north-west corner of the building hung a large sign, 
which announces to the passers-by that here "Libby 
& Son, Ship Chandlers and Grocers," were wont to do 
their business and invite their customers. I must con- 
fess that just then I had no desire to trade with this 
Rebel firm for ship candles or others, though I would 
have been glad enough of their provisions, but Rebel 
bayonets were arguments to business too powerful to 
be resisted, and so we entered the famous Libby 
Prison. 

Here we were unceremoniously introduced to Major 
Thomas P. Turner, the Rebel commandant of the 
prison, and his disciples, of whom I shall speak more 
at length in the following pages. And now began the 
work of pillaging. Every article of our clothing was 
carefully searched, and we were quickly divested of 
everything which could excite either the curiosity or 



H 



AND THE ESCAPE. 45 

avarice of a Rebel. It was easy to see that their 
intention was to leave us nothing which could minis- 
ter either to our comfort or pleasure. But Yankee 
ingenuity, as was often the case, became more than a 
match for Rebel cupidity. Our " greenbacks " — the 
object of their closest scrutiny — which some of us had 
been fortunate enough to save until then, had been 
neatly folded and safely deposited between our toes, 
or concealed in the lining of our garments, or solidly 
packed in our hollow regulation buttons, the caps of 
which could be easily removed and replaced ; and in 
some instances men had their money in their mouths 
with a quid of tobacco, which would afterwards come 
out, though a little colored, yet, uninjured by the 
mastication. Many of our valuables also were saved 
by slyly passing them to those who had been pre- 
viously examined, while the attention of the plun- 
derers was intentionally diverted from us. In this 
way I retained my journal. 

When this most disgraceful plundering was con- 
cluded, we were driven into rooms already occupied 
by Federal prisoners, and, on entering, were amazed 
at their cries of " Fresh fish," " Close up," " What 
army do you belong to \ " " Where were you cap- 
tured % " " What's the news ? " While these questions 
were being asked, and answered as best we could, so 
great would be the press that surrounded us, that you 
would hear the cry, " Give them air," " Mob, dis- 
perse," etc., and, indeed, it was necessary for the crowd 
to obey these orders to prevent suffocation. This ex- 
citement continued for some time after our entrance, 
and I afterward learned that this was a custom that 



46 THE CAPTURE, THE P1US0N PEN, 

grew out of the intense desire of the inmates to ob- 
tain the news of the outer, beautiful world, and es- 
pecially of army movements, as well as from the relish 
of every thing that could break the dreary monotony 
of prison life. This was the general initiation, and 
the more graciously it was endured the better. 

Here I had the melancholy pleasure of meeting 
several officers of my own regiment; glad to have 
their fellowship and cheer, but sad to meet them in 
this Hades of wo. In these long, low, gloomy and 
suffocating rooms, nine of which were occupied by 
prisoners, were incarcerated about one thousand offi- 
cers, our enlisted men being confined at Belle Isle 
and other prisons in and about the city. 

I soon found friends in this dingy abode, and be- 
gan to yield myself to this new style of domestication. 
With the Yankee tendency to organization, we were 
divided into messes of about twenty each. I was as- 
signed to " mess number twenty-one," and at once 
made acquainted with my new duties. Each man in 
turn does the cooking for the entire day. In a close, 
suffocating corner of the main room which had been 
partitioned off for a kitchen, where we were compelled 
to burn corn-meal for coffee, and to make rice soup 
and hash over smoking, broken stoves, it was any thing 
but agreeable to labor. The prison days were exceed- 
ingly long, and yet our turns for cooking seemed to 
recur with unpleasant frequency. 

October 28. — I am gradually becoming accustomed 
to this dungeon life, and I presume I shall fall into 
the habit of enjoying myself at times. " How use 
doth breed a habit in a man ! " Indeed he can accom- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 47 

modate himself to almost any clime or any circum- 
stance of life, a gift which no other living thing pos- 
sesses in any such degree. While this process of accli- 
mation is going on I am also gathering facts about 
this place and its inmates. The building, I learn, 
belongs to the estate of John Enclers. The win- 
dows are small and carefully secured with iron 
bars. A strong line of sentinels is established around 
the building with strict orders to fire upon any man 
who ventures near the windows to get a glimpse of 
the scenery without, or breathe unvitiated air. In 
these filthy and unfurnished rooms we are huddled to- 
gether like sheep in a slaughter-pen, awaiting the ap- 
proach of monsters in human form, who are eager to 
destroy us by any mode of torture. Yermin of almost 
every kind abound, so that it is impossible to es- 
cape their loathsome presence. We have neither 
bunks nor chairs, and only a few have blankets, and 
thus, to sit or sleep, we are compelled to seek the 
filthy, naked floor. Of the authorities we expect and 
receive nothing except curses and cruelties. A short 
time before my arrival, a sentinel in front of one of 
the windows fired at a prisoner in this room, who, 
however, instantly dodged, and escaped unharmed. 
The ball, passing through and into the room above,- 
selected its unconscious victim, and, without a mo- 
ment's warning, launched him into eternity. All this 
seems to be pleasing to their chief, 

MAJOR TURNER, 
who, though too cowardly to meet his enemies on the 
battle field, revels in their misery and destruction, 
within the gloomy walls of a prison. 



48 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

He was formerly a student at West Point, but it is 
generally understood among the prisoners, that he 
was expelled from that institution for forgery. At the 
breaking out of the Rebellion, he was made captain 
in the Rebel service, and for his native cruelty and 
efficiency as a Yankee destroyer, he has recently been 
promoted to a majority, and assigned to this post, 
which is so congenial to his base desires. "We come 
in contact with him more than with any other of the 
prison authorities. His character is well delineated 
on his countenance, where the hoof-prints of appetite 
have made lasting impressions. Depravity is a terri- 
ble limner, that leaves his true colors upon the " human 
face divine." To one who comprehends the sublime 
capabilities of the human soul, there is something in- 
conceivably terrible in their perversion. 

The higher and nobler the purpose to which a life 
may be devoted, the darker and deeper the infamy 
into which it may be plunged. 

There is nothing more terrible and loathsome than 
a human soul grown powerful in sin, and left to the 
horrid machinations of the evil one, and its own evil 
promptings. Demons, developed from germs that 
might have produced seraphs, become rank growths, 
drinking in the healthful stimulants of life and repro- 
ducing them in hideous forms of vice and crime : — 

" Souls made of fire, and children of the sun, 
"With whom revenge is virtue." 

Thus we see a soul coming pure and plastic from 
its Maker's hand, yet afterward standing before the 
world stained and hardened. Such, I conclude, is the 
character of the man in question. He seems to be 



AND THE ESCAPE. 49 

free from every noble feeling or impulse, and pre- 
pared for any deed that can enlist the evil passions of 
our nature. He not only deprives us of little com- 
forts which would greatly mitigate our woes, and 
cost him nothing, but he heaps barbarities upon us 
with Herculean and fiendish strength. " Seared witli 
a hot iron " as his conscience must be, the atrocity of 
his conduct is so shocking as to arouse, at times, 
his guilty fears. He fancies that the prisoners, and 
even his own guards, are plotting for his life, and he 
has recently changed his quarters from the prison- 
building to an office across the street. 

EXCHANGE RUMORS. 

November 7. — To-day there is an interval in the 
uneasiness of the prisoners. A flag-of-truce boat is in. 
It is earnestly hoped that something will be done to re- 
lieve our sufferings, but the whole matter is veiled in 
uncertainty. The most extravagant rumors, on ex- 
change, are afloat among us ; and it is certainly hard 
to believe that they are not true. Our wishes are 
constantly suggesting means for their own realization. 
And yet it is not well to suffer ourselves to be aroused 
by these exciting hopes, for if once blasted they will 
depress our spirits, breed utter disgust of our sur- 
roundings, and have a deteriorating effect upon both 
mind and body. We must grow into the luxury of 
indifference. Stoicism, however reprehensible in or- 
dinary life, is necessary here. Experience must teach 
us the lesson ; that hard shoolmaster must lash us, 
until our nerves will remain unmoved even under- 
neath the stroke. 



50 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

But it is difficult to make room for this phi- 
losophy. We may often repeat, "it is not best to 
trust these rumors," and yet the hope rebels, and we 
are compelled to trust, at least, in part. We cannot 
control our rampant thoughts. Imagination will run 
wild, build some castles in the air, and dwell on dis- 
tant scenes of pleasure and comfort, from which we 
are excluded. While fancy feasts, we are starving. 
The spirit is strong, but the flesh is weak, and when 
the spirit returns, weakened and wearied with its 
wanderings, how much more faint is the poor frame 
that takes it home. 

In such struggles we engage until, exhausted, we 
sink into a kind of stupor, which has but little choice 
between life and death. There is much of the ani- 
mal in this lethargy, which makes it very disagree- 
able to contemplate. It is natural for man to hope, 
and when he has outlived hope, he has outlived his 
manhood likewise. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 51 



CHAPTER IV. 

IN THE LIBBY HOSPITAL. 

November 8. — For some days ray health had been 
failing, and when, at sick call, the Rebel sergeant 
called out, "Fall in, sick!" a friend gave me the 
assistance of his arm, and I appeared before the 
prison -surgeon. "With something like the business- 
air of a grocery-clerk, addressing a country-customer, 
came the rapid questions, "What do you want? 
Where are you sick ? How long have you been so ? 
Have you taken any medicine \ " And without wait- 
ing for any answers, he turned to the sergeant with 
" Take this man to the hospital," and thus ended the 
examination. 

Once in the hospital, I was soon subjected to its 
peculiar influence. There was the ominous stillness, 
broken only by a choking-cough or labored groan ; 
the chilling dread, as though one were in the immedi- 
ate presence of death and under the ban of silence ; 
and the anxious yearning — the almost frantic yearning 
— which one feels in the contemplation of suffering 
which he is powerless to alleviate. And worse than 
all, soon came that hardened feeling which a familiar- 
ity with such scenes produces. 

This is nothing but an immense charnel-house ! 
We are constantly in the midst of the dead and dy- 



52 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ing. Nearly every day, some of our comrades, and 
some days, several of them, are borne away, coffinless 
and unshrouded, to their unmarked graves. I am 
well aware that, in time of war, on the field of car- 
nage, in camp where the pestilential fevers rage,, or in 
the crowded prisons of the enemy, human life is but 
little valued. Yet there are moments amidst all 
these scenes, when the importance of life and the 
terror of death seem to force themselves upon the 
mind of every man with a power which cannot be 
resisted. 

PREVAILING DISEASES. 

Scurvy, pneumonia, chronic diarrhoea, and fever, 
are the most prevalent diseases. The former of these, 
it is well known, originates from an exclusive diet of 
salt rations and corn-bread. Its most effectual cure 
is a change to vegetable food, vinegar, or some other 
acid. Its first symptoms are eruptions on different 
parts of the body. Soon it locates — generally in the 
ankles. Here large sores begin to form similar to the 
first appearance of boils. These deepen and spread. 
The limbs become swollen. If not checked, it soon 
covers the whole body, and the flesh actually rots 
away and falls off the bones. It generally proves 
fatal by attacking the glands of the throat. These 
swell enormously, and the patient is often strangled. 
Sometimes it locates in the mouth ; in this case the 
gums become softened and the teeth drop out. 

How human beings can keep their unfortunate 
fellows in prison, tormented by such maladies, when 
they are unwilling to afford them the means of re- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 53 

lief, must remain forever a problem in " secession 
ethics." 

REBEL SURGEONS. 

The hospital-surgeons appear to be gentlemen, 
and treat us with some consideration. To be sure, 
we are not very exacting, and consider ourselves re- 
markably fortunate if not subjected to positive abuse; 
still, much credit is due to many of the medical men 
of the South. They seemed disposed to make the 
best possible use of the means placed at their disposal, 
and even remonstrated with their authorities for with- 
holding those medicines and comforts without which 
a hospital is not a hospital. 

There were exceptions to this rule, as I learned 
from those who were old residents of the prison when 
I arrived. Some of them have been tyrannical and 
abusive. Our own surgeons are permitted to be 
among the sick, and this is a great comfort. Their 
prescriptions are filled, so far as the prison dispensary 
has a supply. 

November 11. — I arose this morning very weak 
and weary. To sleep during the night was impos- 
sible, and much of the time was spent in coughing 
severely. Pneumonia is making serious work among 
the sick. Many, reduced to extreme weakness by 
fevers, are attacked with it, and cough their lives 
away. The climate seems favorable for the develop- 
ment of pulmonary diseases, and this, aided by our 
wretched surroundings, makes havoc in our ranks. 
As the season advances toward winter, this disease 
and others prevail with greater virulence and power. 
3 



54 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Many prisoners, captured during the fall campaign, 
are suifering terribly from their wounds. 

HOSPITAL RATIONS. 

Our rations, in this most humane department of 
Rebel prison life, consist of one small slice of bread 
for breakfast, a table-spoonful of lice and a small 
piece of meat for dinner, and the breakfast allowance 
repeated for supper. 

The room we occupy is next to the ground floor, 
and is crowded to its utmost capacity, so that many 
cannot get admittance, and die in their quarters in the 
upper rooms. We are told that there are several 
other crowded hospitals in the city and at Belle Isle. 

After being here a week, I am still quite sick, 
though a little improved. Some boxes sent by our 
Sanitary Commission have been opened for the benefit 
of the sick. It was my good fortune to get some 
pickles with the vinegar about them. This has had 
the effect of checking the scurvy, with which I was 
much troubled, and I am in a fair way to recover. 

In spite of the distressing circumstances that sur- 
round us, we yet occasionally find something to laugh 
at. A cheerful heart and a smiling face are better 
antidotes to disease than all the nostrums in the cal- 
endar; but they are more rare in southern hospitals 
than even medicines. He who makes us laugh is a 
real benefactor. It is generally considered that when 
a man goes to the hospital, he goes there to die. On 
this supposition a poor fellow, whose waggery is irre- 
pressible, as he was brought into the hospital to-day, 
called out with as loud a voice as he could muster, 



AND THE ESCAPE. 55 

"Hello, fellers, I've got leave to die, too." The sick- 
est could scarcely repress a smile, and all felt as though 
they had received a tonic. 

EXCHANGE OP SURGEONS. 

The medical fraternity has been thrown into a 
whirlpool of excitement over rumors of exchange. 
Anxiety, hope, fear, and what not, have a strange ef- 
fect upon them. Some of them are well nigh insane. 
It was a pity to have their hopes deferred even for a 
few days, but at last — November twenty-jifth — their 
desire came, and a general feeling of joy prevails 
within the walls of Libby. Although many of us are 
destined still to remain, it is a source of consolation 
to know that some of our number are afforded an 
opportunity to regain the privileges they had lost by 
capture and incarceration. 

Turner issued the order for surgeons to " fall in," 
early in the morning. There was a general rush 
among the prisoners to send some word to their friends 
at home by those about to be liberated. The medical 
gentlemen were very obliging, but had to be on their 
guard. They were carefully searched before leaving, 
and it was generally understood that should any thing 
contraband be discovered on or about their persons it 
would not only be taken from them, but the bearer be 
detained. 

SENDING MESSAGES TO FRIENDS 

on this occasion, as on all others, required some tact 
and perseverance. It was known that letters sent home 
would be read by the authorities, and as we desired to 



56 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

give our friends the first reading, we set ourselves to 
work to outwit our masters, which we did somewhat 
after our expedients of a former day. Nearly every 
button on the coats of those going home contained a 
good-sized letter written on tissue paper. The soles 
of their shoes and boots were loosened and papers put 
between them. The crowns of hats and caps were 
ripped apart, filled with letters, and sewed together 
again. Every device was resorted to that offered a 
prospect of success. 

The chief thing desired by the prisoners was, that 
their friends might learn the secret of communicating 
with them without the knowledge of the Rebel author- 
ities. One wrote to bid friends to hold his letters to 
the fire, that the writing might become visible. An- 
other directed a box to be sent him with greenbacks 
hidden in a roll of butter, or in a piece of cheese, or 
inside a pickle in a bottle of vinegar. 

What we most expect, however, is that the sur- 
geons will make such representations to the authori- 
ties at Washington as will bring about a general ex- 
change. 

I received the Richmond Sentinel this morning 
from a friend up stairs, who conveyed it to me through 
the key-hole. This key-hole is in an unused door 
which has been nailed up and the lock removed, leav- 
ing this means of communication exposed, and as it 
has gradually grown larger from use, it is of some 
service to us. 

OLD NEWSBOY "BEN." 

Every day a jolly old negro goes along past the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 57 

prison crying, " Great tallyraphic news in de papers ! 
Mighty news from de Army of Northern Yirginy ! 
Great fightin' in de Souf-west !" 

It is astonishing how the cry thrills us. It has a 
home sound, and we forget for the moment that we 
are prisoners in Secessia. These papers we have, at 
times, been permitted to purchase at prices ranging 
from twenty-live cents (two bits) to one dollar. 

Here we get the southern accounts of the war, 
with customary embellishments. Whenever they are 
full of bluster, braggadocia, and abuse, we know it has 
been going ill with the Rebels. When the tone is 
mild and reasonable and conciliatory, we have reason 
to believe that things go on swimmingly with them. 
Thus we interpret their accounts, as gypsies interpret 
dreams. 

November 26. — This is Thanksgiving day. We 
may feel — and indeed are — thankful that our condition, 
bad even as it is, is no worse. 

Under the very worst circumstances allotted to 
mortals, we can still imagine something worse, and 
ought to be thankful. The Scotch divine, who was 
subject to gout and rheumatism, used to thank the 
Lord, when suffering with the former that it was not 
the latter ; when the latter got hold of him, he was 
thankful that he had not both at once ; and when both 
seized him at once, he was more thankful than ever 
that he had not the toothache at the same time. 

Still, we make no very special point of being thank- 
ful. There are no chaplains with us, and no religious 
exercises will be held. There is no danger of its being 
turned into a day of feasting ; for our stinted allow- 



58 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ance will not admit of that. Major Turner allowed 
an issue of the remaining few of our boxes this morn- 
ing, which have been in his possession for the past two 
months. They were all broken open, and were gen- 
erally stripped of every thing which could be of any 
use to us. They were plundered by the common sol- 
diers of the regiment doing guard duty here, under the 
eyes and with the permission of the prison authorities. 
Were we among barbarians, such treatment would be 
nothing more than we might reasonably expect. But 
among civilized men, who acknowledge that a God 
of justice rules among the nations of the earth, with 
the name of Christian ever on their lips, it is not 
endurable ! 

This day calls to mind some days of thanksgiving 
instituted by Rebels. What they had to be thankful 
for, nobody knows. Yet these same men, who delib- 
erately starved and froze our unfortunate soldiers, 
would lift their hands to Heaven with as much fervor 
as a dying saint, thankful perhaps that the strength 
and means had been given them to torment their fel- 
low men. Thankful that their armies were occasion- 
ally successful in their strife against the best and freest 
and most liberal government on earth. Thankful that 
the chains were tightening on the limbs of the bond- 
man. Thankful that a fierce and cruel aristocracy 
were triumphing over the equal rights of the people ; 
at least so they thought as they turned their blood- 
stained palms heavenward. And they thanked God 
for these results. A greater mistake was never made, 
as we confidently believe. 

If history thanks God for these seemingly retro- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 59 

grade movements of freedom, I question whether the 
Rebels of the present day will join in the psean. 

November 27, — Brings us a mail from the North. 
I was so fortunate as to receive two letters. They 
were indeed like " cold water to a thirsty soul." No 
one can appreciate the value of a bit of paper crossed 
with familiar lines and home thoughts until they re- 
ceive it under such circumstances. The reception of 
these letters, however, is an unusual occurrence ; for 
we are seldom permitted to correspond with our 
friends ; and then only under the most cruel restric- 
tions. Our letters are limited to six lines of ordinary 
note paper, including date, signature, and address. 
They are carefully criticised by the Rebel authorities, 
and no information concerning our true condition is 
allowed to be sent. Every scheme that could be 
divined to outwit the Rebels has been resorted to, and 
successful to some extent ; for many of the prisoners 
have learned the secret of writing with " invisible 
ink," which is nothing more than a solution of soda 
or saleratus. This leaves no impression on the paper 
until it is heated, when it becomes quite distiuct, 
and may be easily read. But this secret was at 
length discovered ; it occurred in this wise : A captain, 
writing to a fan* and undoubtedly very dear friend, 
could not brook to be limited to only six lines, when 
he had so much to communicate ; so, resorting to this 
mixture, he completely filled the sheet with h soft and 
winning words ;" and then, fearing lest his fair 
dulcinea would not discover the secret, added, — 

u JSTow, my dear, read this over, and then bake it in 
the oven and read it again." 



60 THE CAPl'URE, THE PRISON PEN, . 

This was too much. The Rebels thinking that if 
the letter would improve by baking it might be well 
to improve it at once, accordingly held it to the fire. 
This brought to light four closely-written pages of the 
tenderest and most heart-rending sentiment. 

Since then our correspondence has been carefully 
scrutinized, and will doubtless in the future be subject- 
ed to all manner of tests. 

GENERAL NEAL DOW, 

of Maine, is the senior officer confined here. He 
makes no very imposing appearance ; wears an old red 
skull-cap, which gives him the appearance of a Turk, 
and minds his own business. The Rebels, in particu- 
lar, find him very reticent. He seems to have a per- 
fect contempt for traitors, and scarcely ever speaks to 
them. They, in turn, hate him very much worse than 
they do the devil. Several times during his impris- 
onment they refused to exchange on direct application 
from our Government. 

The general has not recovered from his Maine-law 
proclivities by any means. He very often discourses 
to us from his corner on the subject of temperance, 
and sends home his thrusts with all his former vigor. 

He is also something of a wit. The prison is alive 
with vermin, and so is the general. One day while 
sitting on his blanket searching his clothes, an officer 
said to him, " What, general ! are you lousy ? " " No," 
said the general, " I am not, but my shirt is." 

Many of his letters, written to Mends in the North, 
with invisible ink, have been published ; but his liter- 
ary labors are at an end for the present at least. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 61 

November 28. — Some of our senior officers Lave 
complained to the prison authorities in relation to our 
rations, but to no purpose. You might as well ap- 
proach a granite rock, with expectation of receiving 
sympathy ; for they are perfectly hardened to all feel- 
ings of humanity, and are only delighted with the in- 
tensity of our sufferings. 

We are becoming accustomed to the sensations of 
hunger. A continual gnawing at the stomach has be- 
come chronic, and is little regarded, yet is surely having 
its legitimate effects on our health and constitutions. 

The ravages of death are spreading most fearfully 
among our enlisted men on Belle Island, and in the 
various hospitals of the city. 

BURIAL OF THE DEAD. 

The burial of the dead is a very business-like af- 
fair. As fast as men die they are carried out to the 
" dead house " and piled up, much as bags of corn 
would be, until there are enough for a load, when the 
keeper calls out to the prison carter, " A load of dead 
Yankees ! Drive up your mule." The carter then 
drives up, and takes in his load with as much un- 
concern as though he was drawing wood or other 
articles. 

ESCAPE OF DEAD YANKEES. 

At first there was no such officer as " dead-house 
keeper," but it was noticed that for some reason the 
dead Yankees often came up missing — concluding 
either to bury themselves or to dispense altogether 
with such unpleasant formalities. After this the dead 
were under surveillance as well as the living. 
3* 



62 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Escaping was a regular trade. The first step was 
to play sick, and get into the hospital. The next was 
to bribe, or otherwise influence the hospital stewards, 
and get them to agree to do the " carrying out." The 
next move was to get so sick that the Rebel surgeon 
would say " he must die." The last performance of 
the sick man was to die in agony, and be carried to 
the dead house. His future movements were not very 
well understood, but somehow the corpse was never 
seen more. Ingenuity was tasked to its utmost to de- 
vise means of escape. Yankee brass was almost in- 
variably more than a match for all obstacles. 

A REBEL SURGEON OUTWITTED BY A YANKEE TAILOR. 

A major, whose name I have forgotten, made his 
escape a short time before I entered the hospital, and 
deserves a medal for it. He had been a tailor before 
entering the service, and as the Rebels had a high 
opinion of Yankee handicraft, the prison surgeon 
sent him his coat to be remodelled after a northern 
pattern. 

As soon as the work was neatly finished, the tailor 
soldier put on the surgeon's coat, and taking with him 
a friend as hospital steward, coolly walked out into 
the street, and neither of them were heard of again 
until they reached the Federal lines. 

November 29. — More letters reached us to-day, 
bringing to me the sad news of the death of a sister. 
Oh, how inexpressibly sad do such tidings strike the 
heart. In the very midst of death, I am permitted to 
drag out a weary life, while dear ones in a land of 
health and plenty, are struck down by the fatal shafts. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 63 

Her death occurred on the twentieth of October, the 
day after my capture. Just as I was thrust into 
prison and doubly bound to the grovelling discom- 
forts of earth, she was released from the prison-house 
of clay, and received, I trust, into the joyous freedom 
of Heaven. 

Our lives are all in the hands of Him " who doeth 
all things well." He appoints us a period of exist- 
ence, and appoints a moment to depart. All other 
influences are subordinate to his will. 

"What can preserve our lives — or what destroy? 
An angel's arm cim't snatch us from the grave — 
Legions of angels can't confine us there." 

bragg's DEFEAT. 

November 30. — The Rebels are now smarting un- 
der the severe defeat of General Bragg, and although 
desirous of keepiug us in ignorance of our success, yet 
we have been able to gather nearly all of the particu- 
lars. It seems that General Hooker, on the twenty- 
fourth, succeeded in carrying, by assault, the northern 
slope of Lookout Mountain, while General Sherman, 
co-operating with him, crossed the river at the mouth 
of the South Chickamauga. After meeting an ob- 
stinate resistance, he at last succeeded in capturing 
the northern extremity of Missionary Ridge. Owing 
to the combined success of Hooker and Sherman, the 
enemy abandoned Lookout Mountain during the night, 
retiring toward Chickamauga. Early the next morn- 
ing the battle was commenced with renewed energy 
by Sherman, who made an assault upon the enemy at 
the northern end of Missionary Ridge. But our 



64 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

troops met with a severe repulse. The field was hotly 
contested with varied fortune until three o'clock in 
the afternoon, when General Grant, by hurling two 
columns against their centre, forced them back, and 
gained possession of the ridge. The enemy, once 
routed, retired rapidly toward Dalton, Ga., being 
hotly pressed by our forces as far as Ringold. The 
Rebels admit a loss of six thousand prisoners, seven 
thousand stand of small arms, and upwards of fifty 
pieces of artillery. They regard this as one of the 
severest defeats that they have sustained since the 
war began. 

December 1. — The weather is extremely cold, and 
the sufferings of the prisoners in the upper rooms are 
indescribable, owing to the want of blankets and 
clothing. There are no fires, and, as yet, there is but 
little prospect of their being furnished with stoves. 
Many of our men on Belle Island are dying daily 
from exposure. Large numbers of the prisoners 
have no blankets, and are poorly clad. They are 
compelled to walk during the night-time to prevent 
freezing. 

POSITION OF THE ARMIES. 

This morning we obtained the Richmond En- 
quirer through one of our guards. It is thought that 
Meade will soon come in contact with Lee. Both 
armies are now drawn up in line of battle, on oppo- 
site sides of Mine Run. The Rebels seem to be greatly 
alarmed at the critical state of affairs, and we are 
most deeply interested in the result of the movement, 
which we earnestly hope may, in addition to the de- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 65 

feat of Lee and the capture of Richmond, release us 
forever from these filthy dungeons. 

PLANS FOR ESCAPE. 

I have been communicating with Lieutenant S. 
H. Tresouthick, Eighteenth Pennsylvania Cavalry, 
through the key-hole, nearly all day, with regard to 
various plans of *seape. My modus operandi is, to go 
to the head of the stairs and push a note through the 
key-hole when no Rebel officers are near, and it will 
be carried by the prisoners to the one for whom it is 
intended. 

To give somewhat of a correct idea of the plans 
proposed, I will give a short description of the differ- 
ent rooms in the prison. There are three stories be- 
sides the basement. Each floor is divided into three 
rooms, fifty feet by one hundred and twenty. The 
basement is similarly divided, and is used as a cook- 
room and store-house. The hospital room is on the 
first floor above the basement, and the room corre- 
sponding to this, on the next floor above, is the one 
occupied by the lieutenant. There are sinks built on 
the outside of the building at the same height as each 
story, and running the whole length of the prison. 

Tresouthick first proposed that he should feign 
sickness and get into the hospital, and I in the mean 
time should, with a saw-backed knife, cut a board out 
of the sink large enough to let us through. 

After an investigation, it was found that our open- 
ing would let us through directly opposite the guard, 
whom we had no means of passing; consequently, this 
plan had to be given up. 



6Q TEE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 

I then proposed that he should get into the hospital 
as before arranged, and I would manage to get a piece 
of rope eight or ten feet long, and then some dark, 
i'ainy night we would steal down into the basement, 
the outside doors of which are not locked till tea 
o'clock p. m., and await our opportunity. 

When the sentinel's back is turned we will rush 
past him on either side, and with the rope trip him 
down, hoping to be beyond the reach of his musket 
before he can fire. 

This plan seems to suit the lieutenant, and we 
must wait for his admission to the hospital. He com- 
menced to be slightly sick two or three days ago, he 
tells me. 

December 3. — This morning I read the Richmond 
Sentinel, which was passed to me through the pre- 
viously-described key-hole by friend Richardson. Gen- 
eral Meade is reported to be retiring in the direction 
of Fredericksburgh. The object of the movement is 
not understood here. 

BELLE ISLAND. 

A small portion of the clothing sent on by our 
Government is now being issued to the enlisted men 
on Belle Island. Colonel J. M. Sanderson, of our 
service, is permitted to make the issue. The prisoners 
are in a state of utter destitution, and the clothing 
cannot be distributed without guards ; the poor boys, 
having been so long destitute, and having almost per- 
ished for the want of sufficient covering, now rush 
upon the party making the issue, and take such arti- 
cles as they need. There is no way of keeping them 



AND THE ESCAPE. 67 

in restraint, but by military force. There is much 
misery here, caused by a disregard of justice. Could 
all the corruption and consequent suffering be known, 
it would be a dark spot upon the annals of American 
history. 

Tresouthick's illness progresses finely, and we have 
hopes of being able to take advantage of it soon. He 
has only to present himself before the surgeon a suf- 
ficient number of times, and insist that he is very 
sick, in order to be admitted to the hospital, as we 
think. 

December 8. — The weather is a little more mild to- 
day, and I find my health gradually improving. The 
greater portion of my time is now occupied in reading 
"Napoleon and his Marshals." I make it a daily 
practice to read the Bible, and to commit a portion of 
St. Matthew. 

There are games of amusement among us, which I 
sometimes participate in ; the most popular are chess, 
checkers, dominoes, and cards. This evening I had 
a game of chess with Lieutenant Carter, formerly of 
Baltimore. 

Games of all kinds are vigorously plied to ])&&& 
away time. Looking into any of the large rooms, you 
may see a party in one corner playing chess on a 
loard marked out on the floor, with chess men made 
of beef bones. In another corner, a group are play- 
ing checkers in the same manner, with buttons and 
wooden men. Others are huddled together around a 
set of dominoes, which they are rattling with consid- 
erable vigor. 

Everywhere, and at all times, you may see the in- 



68 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

evitable greasy cards ; and euchre, whist, and bluff, go 
the rourids in rapid succession. 

Here a group of lawyers are holding a moot-court, 
with a grave judge opposite, and a panel of duly- 
sworn jurymen sitting on the floor along the sides. 
Acres of valuable land have changed hands under their 
decisions. Horses have been adjudged to belong here 
and cows there, and dogs anywhere and everywhere. 
Nearly every man of the number has failed in busi- 
ness, and a large per cent, have been divorced ; and 
lastly, judge and jury have unanimously decided, that 
they all be sent home without a moment's delay, times 
without number. 

Debating clubs are settling important questions in 
different parts of the room, and youthful orators are 
constraining prison -life to give grace to their gestures 
and fluency to their tongues. 

Finally, from some distant corner, may be heard 
the winning words of the gospel. An old gray- 
haired man, it may be, is telling an attentive com- 
pany of younger men how precious the religion of 
Christ is to him in the midst of his sufferings. 
Hymns are sung, prayers are offered, and souls are 
refreshed. 

Many are indifferent to all these things, and are 
sleeping on the floor. 

In this way the time is passed, and in infinitely 
more ways, which the ingenuity of idle men will 
suggest. 

Getting into the hospital is no easy matter, but 
Tresouthick is sicker than he was, and has good 
hopes. 



AND THE ESCAPE. (J 9 

December 12. — Last night Captains Anderson and 
Skelton made their escape by bribing the guard. 
Skelton had been wounded, under Grant, before 
Yicksburg, and captured. A few days after, he 
made his appearance in Libby, with a patch over his 
eye and a green cap drawn over his head, smoking 
a cigar as complacently as though nothing had hap- 
pened. A ball had entered his eye and come out 
behind his ear. Although bright as ever, he feigned 
dulness, and so was retained in the hospital. Ander- 
son was just admitted, and with all the money they 
could muster they bribed a guard to let them out. 

This morning at roll-call two bunks were empty, 
but after the sergeant had gone down one tier, two 
men left their bunks, and went to those of Anderson 
and Skelton, so their absence was not observed. 
When the surgeon came, however, he missed Skelton 
at once, as he was " a very noticeable man." The 
alarm was immediately given ; but, as yet, nothing 
has been heard of the escaping party. 



70 TEE CAPTURE, TEE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER Y. 

RETURN FROM THE HOSPITAL. 

The cunningly devised exit of Anderson and Skel- 
ton has exasperated the prison authorities terribly, and 
most of all because their success was due to the 
treachery of their own guards. A double watch is 
now placed over us, so that our prospect of an escape 
has vanished, and we must take our chances with the 
others in the upper rooms. It has had a decided ef- 
fect on Tresouthick's " health,'' however. He is much 
better to-day, and will probably recover much faster 
than he got sick. 

Dece?nber 26. — There has been much excitement 
to-day concerning an exchange of prisoners. Captain 
Sawyer, of the First New Jersey Cavalry, has received 
a letter from Major Mulford, our Commissioner of 
Exchange, in which prospects of a general exchange 
of all the prisoners is mentioned. There are many 
conflicting opinions and warm discussions. It is ru- 
mored that thirty officers and five hundred men are 
already declared exchanged. There seems to be much 
hilarity among the prisoners ; yet I fear, as has been 
too often the case, we shall be disappointed. True, we 
cannot but feel great anxiety for our release ; yet such 
reports have been so often in circulation that I can 



73- 



AND THE ESCAPE. *73 

place but little confidence in anything that may be 
said in relation to this subject. 

Sawyer has become our best authority on exchange, 
and expresses his opinions with all the bombast and 
assurance of a Wall-street broker. This is the Cap- 
tain Sawyer, who, with Captain Flynn, of the Fifty- 
first Indiana Infantry, was sentenced to be shot in 
retaliation for two Rebel officers tried and shot by 
Burnside, in Kentucky, for recruiting within the Fed- 
eral lines. 

Flynn was a modest man, and bore his notoriety 
commendably. Sawyer did a great deal of talking, 
and made himself a mark for many rich jokes. The 
prisoners often remarked that they would give a 
thousand dollars to be shot as Sawyer was. 

HOSTAGES DESTINED FOR SALISBURY. 

A short time since twenty- four captains were or- 
dered down to Turner's office to draw lots for the 
chances of going to Salisbury, North Carolina. Three 
of the number were to be chosen as hostages for as 
many Rebel officers confined by our authorities in the 
penitentiary at Alton, Illinois. The lots fell on Cap- 
tains Julius L. Litchfield, of the Fourth Maine In- 
fantry, Edward E. Chase, First Rhode Island Cavalry, 
and Charles Kendall, of the Signal Corps. Last night 
they were ordered out and sent to their destination, 
where they are sentenced to hard labor.* 

December 31, 1863. — This day closes up the old 
year, and soon, if life be spared, we shall enter upon 

* "We afterwards learned that they refused to work, and were 
never compelled to. 



74 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

the duties of the new; and how shrouded in gloom 
are the issues of coming time. Thronging memories 
of past joys are throwing a pall of sadness on the 
countenances of many, while others, thinking of the 
festivities of other days, on the occasion of this anni- 
versary, seem desirous of celebrating as they were 
wont to do in the more peaceful days of yore. Many 
are making preparations to have a dance in the " cook- 
room " this evening. Evening advances, and with its 
onward march the dance ensues. For a time they 
seem to forget that they are securely enclosed within 
these inhospitable prison walls. The merriment and 
hilarity continue till the old year passes away to re- 
turn no more. 

Some, apparently disgusted with the reckless mer- 
riment, collect in groups, and sing, in full chorus, na- 
tional songs, till the old year is gone. " The Star- 
Spangled Banner," " Eed, White, and Blue," " Rally 
Round the Flag, Boys," peal through the long rooms 
with terrible emphasis, and, when the chorus, — 

' The Union forever, — hurrah, hoys, hurrah ! 
Down with the traitors and up with the stars, 
"While we rally round the Flag, boys, rally once again ! 
Shouting the hattle-cry of Freedom !" 

is reiterated again and again, with significant beating 
of feet, it seems as if the very roof must give way be- 
fore the accumulated volume of sound. 

Some, as quietly as they can, in the midst of so 
much noise, watch the old year out, according to their 
custom, with prayer and religious songs. All make a 
" watch-night " of it, for sleep is entirely out of the 
question. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 75 

Some time ago a contribution of a little money, 
still preserved from the rapacity of the authorities, 
was taken up among us, and some musical instruments 
were purchased. A bass-viol, violin, and banjo, com- 
pose our orchestral display, besides a bushel or more 
of " bones/' 

All these are on " extra duty " to-night and cer- 
tainly assist us, in some degree, to forget our aches 
and privations. Such jollifications the Rebels allow, 
I suppose, because they happen to be in good humor 
or have amusements of their own to attend to. 

NEW YEAR IN LIBBY. 

January 1, 1864. — We hail the new year with pe- 
culiar emotions, hoping it may be the harbinger of 
release, and that its experiences may be less dark 
and repulsive than those of the past. Its records 
will, ere long, be fixed by the historian, and posterity 
will know the successes and defeats, the trials and 
sufferings, of the present eventful epoch. 

Some little attempt has been made by the cooks to 
give us a "New Tear's dinner," although no extra 
rations have been issued. For instance, instead of 
simply boiled rice and corn-cakes, they have given us 
rice soup, or rice-water and gruel ; rice pudding, that 
is, boiled rice mixed with corn-meal and water ; corn- 
meal pudding, which is meal-batter mixed with boiled 
rice ; then we have had boiled rice and corn-bread, 
pure, unmixed, a la Libby. It has been well nigh 
equal to the fare described by the poet of Castle Thun- 
der. He says : — 



76 



THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



" We have eighteen kinds of food, though 'twill stagger your 
belief, 
"We have bread, beef, and soup, and bread, soup, and beef; 
Then we separate about, with twenty in a group, 
And get beef, soup, and bread, and beef, bread, and sonp ; 
For our dessert we obtain, though it costs us nary red, 
Soup, bread, and beef, and beef, soup, and bread." 

The following is now our daily allowance of ra- 
tions : — Three-fourths of a pound of coarse corn- 
bread, one gill of rice, one-half pound of beef, and a 
very little salt. On such rations we are left to live 
or die. Groceries can be purchased of the prison 
commissary at the following rates : — 



Potatoes, per bushel, . 
Onions, " " 
Wheat bread, 6 oz. loaves, 
Butter, per lb., 
Lard, " " 
Sugar, " " 
Coffee, " " 
Tea, " " 
Eggs, per doz., 



50 
1 

10 
8 
6 

10 

12 
6 



At the above prices the prisoners may purchase the 
necessaries of life by disposing of their clothing, rings, 
and anything else of value which it may be their good 
fortune to possess. 

PUNISHMENT FOR SINGING OUR NATIONAL SONGS. 

January 24. — It has all along been our custom to 
go down to the cook-room occasionally for a prome- 
nade, there being better opportunities for exercise 
there than in our own quarters. It is a great relief to 
walk without being constantly compelled to elbow 



AND THE ESCAPE. 77 

your way through a crowd, or to be cautious lest you 
step ou some sick or weary sleeper stretched aloug the 
floor. Accordingly, I went down last evening for a 
walk, and there found about sixty comrades marching 
around the room at double-quick, in column of fours. 
I fell in with them, and all commenced singing " Star- 
Spang] ed Banner," " Rally Round the Flag, Boys," 
etc. 

This had continued for some time, when the door 
leading into the street suddenly opened, and a squad 
of armed Rebels filed in. Turner was at their head, 
and quickly crossing the room and placing himself at 
the door leading up stairs to prevent any of us from 
making an escape, he began, "Now, then, you 
d — d boisterous scoundrels, I'll teach you to begin 
your cursed howling in this building again. I want 
you to understand that you mus'n't drive people crazy 
out in the streets with your villainous Yankee songs." 
Then, turning to the guards — " Take your stations 
about these d — d rascals, and shoot the first man that 
dares to stir out of his tracks, and relieve each other 
till further orders." To us again : " Now, d — n you, 
you will stand here till twelve o'clock to-night ; and 
make a bit of noise or move from your places, at your 
peril." He then ordered us into line, and marched us 
to the north end of the room, where we were kept 
till the appointed time. 

The fires went out early in the evening, and the 
cold became intense. Some managed to get blankets 
from their friends above, but the guards soon put a 
stop to such transactions. One man from above called 
down to a friend, through a knot-hole in the floor, 



78 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

and asked him if he wanted a blanket. The guard 
heard him, cocked his gun and aimed at the hole; hut 
a call from below gave the man warning, and he fled. 
So much for singing national songs. But patriotism 
will find vent some how, in spite of Rebel vengeance. 
The Jews, during their captivity, hung their harps 
on the willows, and sighed bitterly when they were 
asked to sing the songs of Zion. Union prisoners 
seem to be affected very differently. 

MOKGAN, THE GUERILLA, VISITS LIBBT. 

January 25. — John Morgan, the famous Rebel 
raider and guerrilla, visited the prison to-day. His 
popularity is very great just at present, owing to his 
escape from a northern prison. Turner and a large 
company of pompous Confederates, accompanied him 
through the rooms. 

As they approached the end of the room occupied 
by General Dow, they naturally expected him to rec- 
ognize them, or otherwise show some signs of life ; but 
the stern old general did not for a moment raise his 
eyes from the book he was reading, until the last Rebel 
had passed, when he gave one contemptuous glance at 
them, and continued his reading. 

Morgan is a large, fine-looking officer ; wears a full 
beard, and a Rebel uniform, trimmed with the usual 
amount of gold braid. 

" THE GREAT YANKEE TUNNEL." 

February 10. — I am making notes of the most 
exciting events which have occurred since my captiv- 
ity. I am often interrupted by Turner and his min- 
ions, who are almost frantic over the mysterious dis- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 79 

appearance of one hundred and fifteen of our fellow- 
sufferers from the prison last night. These Rebels are 
running up and down through the rooms to learn, if. 
possible, the secret of this grand escapade. Here it is 
on paper : Early in the winter, Colonel Thomas E. 
Rose, Seventy-seventh Pennsylvania Volunteers, con- 
ceived apian of escape, and organized a secret company 
of twenty-seven, who were to dig their way to freedom. 
None were admitted to the secret but the workmen. 

Colonel Rose was well calculated to superintend 
the work, for he had served in the Mexican war, was 
taken prisoner by the Mexicans, and after a short 
confinement, escaped, by tunneling from the prison a 
sufficient distance to be clear from the guards. He had 
served his apprenticeship, and was now prepared to 
manage and direct. 

After thorough organization of our company, with 
secrecy well enjoined, we adopted the following 

PLAN OF OPERATION. 

In the basement of the building just below our 
cook-room was a small unoccupied room, which had 
been closed since our arrival, and was never entered. 
From this room or cellar rose a large chimney, which 
passed through the cook-room, and so to the top of 
the building. Our first work was to make a hole in 
the chimney from the kitchen, which opening we could 
easily conceal by means of some slop-barrels. These 
barrels we managed to empty ourselves, so that all 
danger of detection from this point was carefully 
avoided. A short ladder, which the Rebels had 
brought into the rooms for the purpose of raising their 
4 



80 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

miserable flag on tlie building, was nsed to make our 
descent into the dark room below. Inquiry was made 
for the ladder, but as no one seemed to know anything 
about it, it was inferred that it had been converted 
into fuel. 

At the foot of the ladder another opening was 
made through the chimney wall leading into the under- 
ground basement-room. By removing a few stones 
from the wall of this room, we were in a situation to 
commence the work of tunneling. 

IMPLEMENTS USED IN TUNNELING. 

The only implements in our possession for per- 
forming the work, were an old trowel and half of a 
canteen. The arduous labor was commenced with 
only the fragment of a canteen, but with this, the 
progress was so slow, that the most patient were 
almost disheartened. Fortunately for us, a mason 
came in to repair the prison walls, and, going to dinner 
before he had finished his work, left his trowel, which 
in his absence most mysteriously disappeared. To 
him it may have been of but little account, to us it 
was a God-send. "With the aid of this implement, we 
were able to make more rapid progress, were greatly 
encouraged, and worked night and day with ceaseless 
energy. Two of our number were kept in the tunnel 
almost constantly. One, by a vigorous use of the 
trowel and canteen, would advance slowly on, placing 
the loosened earth in an old blanket, which the other 
would convey out of the tunnel into a corner of the 
room whence the tunnel started. 

Our course was due east, under the street where 



AND THE ESCAPE. 81 

constantly paced the sentinels, who at every hour of 
the night, were wont to cry, " Post No. 1, all's well ! " 
" Post No. 2, all's well ! " etc. Little did they dream 
that Yankee ingenuity and perseverance were per- 
forating the solid earth under their feet, and opening 
a path to freedom. 

As we progressed in our work we experienced great 
difficulty for the want of pure air to breathe, and to 
sustain our candles, which refused to burn. Conse- 
quently one of our party was compelled to stand at 
the opening, fanning air into the tunnel with his hat. 
Our atmospheric difficulties were the more increased 
by the small size of the hole, which was a little less 
than two feet in diameter, quite irregular in conse- 
quence of large stones, and descended in a line below 
the horizontal. This severe labor was carried on, 
without much interruption, for more than three weeks, 
when, at last, the plan came near being a failure, by 
a sad mistake in our measurement. Our intent was 
to reach the yard of an old shed or warehouse, in 
which were then stored the boxes sent us by the 
Christian and Sanitary Commissions, and by our 
friends at the North. 

Thinking we had reached the desired point, an 
opening was made to the surface, when we found we 
were still in the street, outside the fence, and within 
a few yards of the sentries. Not discovered by this 
mishap, the hole was quickly filled with a pair of old 
pants and straw, and the work of excavation con- 
tinued to the place intended. The selection of this 
point was very fortunate, as the Rebel guards used to 
skulk about this building at night, for the purpose of 



82 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

plundering the boxes ; and on the night of the escape, 
the sentinels about the j3rison saw every man who came 
out, but supposing they were Rebels, only whispered 
to each other, "The fellows are going through the 
Yankee boxes mighty fast to-night." These whisper- 
ings were distinctly heard by some of our men. 

The tunnel was about sixty-five feet in length, and 
was ready for the exit early last evening, February 
ninth. 

THE SECRET DISCLOSED. 

The company of diggers had entered into an ar- 
rangement that they should make their exit first, and 
inform the others just as they were going out; but 
each man had a particular friend whom he wished to 
notify, and, as we were seen packing our clothing, it 
soon became suspected that something unusual was in 
the wind. Curiosity, once on the alert, soon discover- 
ed the secret, and then all were jubilant with the 
hope of escape, and commenced packing up. But 
egress was so slow that it soon became evident to the 
cool calculator, that at the best but a comparatively 
small proportion of our number would be fortunate 
enough to take their departure from Libby, before 
daylight would forbid any further efforts to breathe 
the free air of heaven. 

STRIPPING FOR THE CHIMNEY. 
In order to get down the chimney, as well as 
along the tunnel, it was necessary to strip naked, 
wrap our clothing into a bundle, and push this on be- 
fore us. As soon as it was seen that only a few could 
possibly get out. many, and in fact most, became self- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 83 

ish, and thought only of furthering their own wishes ; 
all rushed for the mouth of the tunnel, each man 
seeming determined to be first out. By this move- 
ment, the organization formed by the working party 
was broken up, and the workmen, who were to have 
had the first opportunity for escape, were not more 
favorably situated than those who never had borne a 
hand in the digging. At the mouth of the tunnel 
were hundreds eagerly waiting their turn. Through 
the intense anxiety, there was a rush and a crowd, 
each one being eager to improve the opportunity. 
Muscle was the " trump-card," and won all the victo- 
ries. The weak had to step aside, or rather, they 
were pushed aside without apology. No respect was 
shown to rank or name. A long-armed second-lieu- 
tenant had no hesitancy in taking hold of a pair of 
shoulders that wore eagles and pushing them out of 
the way. There was no standing aside for betters. 
No deference was paid to age, and unfortunate gray 
hairs ceased to be honored. Mere physical force was 
the test of championship. Those poor, weak ones, 
who got help to gravitate to the outskirts of such an 
eager, crowding mass, just as surely as the light 
kernels will find their way to the top of a shaken 
measure of wheat, thought, as they felt themselves be- 
ing crowded farther and farther from the opening : — 

" Oh, it is excellent 
To have a giant's strength, hut it is tyrannous 
To use it like a giant ! " 

I made several efforts to assert what I supposed to be 
my rights, but, as I had not at that time much muscle 
to back my claims, they were not recognized, and 



84 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

thus I spent the whole night without avail in this 
bootless struggle for freedom. 

THE TUNNEL BLOCKADED. 

In digging the tunnel we had encountered a large 
root which we could not well remove, and the passage 
at this point was very narrow. Lieutenant Wallace F. 
Randolph, Fifth United States Artillery, a corpulent 
fellow, was caught fast by the root. There was a 
man before him and another behind him, who almost 
entirely excluded atmospheric circulation, and before 
they could pull and push him out of his unfortunate 
situation, he was nearly dead. He, however, suc- 
ceeded at last. This blockade greatly retarded the 
line of march, and made the crowd within still more 
desperate. 

Some of the outsiders in the struggle, who de- 
spaired of accomplishing anything by strength, had 
recourse to stratagem. There had been considerable 
noise during this contest for freedom, and the guards 
were expected to make their appearance at any mo- 
ment. The outsiders, taking advantage of this appre- 
hension, went to the farther end of the cook-room 
and in the darkness made a racket with the pots and 
kettles, which sounded very much like the clashing 
of fire-arms ; while some of their number in the 
crowd sang out, " Guards ! guards ! " 

THE STAMPEDE. 

In an instant every man was gone from the tunnel, 
and there was a frantic rush for the single stairway, 
by about five hundred men. Such a struggling and 
pressing I have never elsewhere seen or participated 



AND THE ESCAPE. 85 

in. We neither walked up nor ran up, but were 
literally lifted from our feet, and pushed along in a 
mass up the passage, and made our entrance through 
the door at the head of the stairs as though we had 
been shot from a cannon, the most of us not stopping 
until we struck the wall on the opposite side of the 
room. While this was going on, the scamps who had 
given the alarm were quietly passing out of the 
tunnel. 

The ruse was soon discovered, however, and in a 
few minutes there was as great a jam at the mouth 
of the tunnel as ever. But so eager and unthinking 
were we, that within half an hour the same dodge 
was played on us again by others, and there was an- 
other stampede up the stairs. 

It is a wonder that this business was not inter- 
rupted by the guards, who did not at all suspect what 
was going on. This was probably owing to the fact 
that great noises in the cook-room were the general 
experience of our nights as well as days. It is, how- 
ever, reported that one sentry was heard to call out 
jocosely to a companion on the nearest beat, " Halloo, 
Bill, — there's somebody's coffee-pot upset, sure ! " 

This struggle continued till morning, when the 
opening in the chimney was covered, and we went to 
our quarters. Here a " count " was made, to discover 
how many had made their escape, when it was found 
that one hundred and fifteen were missing. Arrange- 
ments were at once made to account for their absence, 
and certain men were designated to cross the room 
slyly during roll-call and be counted twice. 

For some reason the authorities were late that 



86 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

morning, and did not make their appearance till about 
ten o'clock. In calling the roll the men attempted to 
cross the room, but were discovered, and so the count 
came one hundred and fifteen short. The clerk 
thought there must be a mistake, and so counted 
again, but with the same result. The authorities also 
thought there must be some mistake, and joked little 
Ross, the prison clerk, who was none of the brightest, 
because he could not count a thousand Yankees. This 
time we were marched from one room to another, and 
counted one by one, but in every way there were one 
hundred and fifteen men missing. We of course were 
as much surprised as the Rebels. They next sent for 
Turner, and he counted us two or three times, but 
with equally unsatisfactory results. He asked us 
where they had gone and how they got out, but not a 
man knew. 

The escape was at once made public, and the pa- 
pers were filled with it, and the most effectual means 
were used to secure their recapture. 

THE GUARD IN CASTLE THUNDER. 

The authorities were terribly exasperated, and at 
first arrested the guards and threw them into Castle 
Thunder, thinking, as a matter of course, that they 
had been bribed. This set the fellows to thinking, 
and one of them recollected that he had seen a great 
number of men in the lot near the Yankee boxes. 
Latouche, the prison adjutant, hearing of this just 
before night, went and found the opening. Next, 
they questioned the prisoners as to where in the build- 
ing it began, but could get no satisfaction ; and not 



AND THE ESCAPE. 87 

until after a long search, did they find the opening in 
the chimney. 

They were really pleased with the shrewdness of 
the scheme, and were loud in their praises of Yankee 
ingenuity. Guards were placed over each end of the 
tunnel, and it was on exhibition for a while. Crowds 
have been to see the " Great Yankee "Wonder," as they 
call it.. 

RECAPTURE OF THE ESCAPED. 

February 12. — Twelve of the escaped prisoners 
were brought in to-day, and thrown into the cells. 
Poor fellows ! they look crest-fallen enough. 

February 13. — Sixteen more of the escaped pris- 
oners were brought in this morning and placed in close 
confinement. Their rations have been greatly reduced, 
and many of them have been put in irons. 

Turner allowed an issue of boxes to-day, which 
have been in his hands fur the past two months. 
The scoundrel had given our Government the assurance 
that all private boxes sent on to the prisoners would 
be immediately distributed ; but in this case there is 
not even " honor among thieves." Most of the boxes 
were plundered under the eyes of the prison authori- 
ties ; and those that were issued were robbed of their 
most valuable contents. These are doubtless the 
boxes the guards saw their comrades robbing on the 
night of the escape. 

Twenty more of the escaped prisoners have been 
brought in during the day, making in all forty-eight. 

kilpatrick's raid. 

March 8. — Some of the guard, more communica- 
4* 



88 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

tive than discreet, have been led to disclose all they 
know concerning Kilpatrick's raid. It seems, from 
what we can learn, that an expedition has been organ- 
ized for the purpose of releasing the prisoners at Rich- 
mond. We have heard the dull booming of artillery 
at intervals during the day, which proves that our 
troops are already engaging the enemy in the fortifi- 
cations. The prisoners are all on the qui vive, anx- 
iously awaiting the result ; and how anxiously. When, 
since the commencement of the war, has there been 
so much at stake ? Richmond to be gained or lost, 
and with it the freedom of thousands of brave men, 
incarcerated in filthy dungeons, and dying of starva- 
tion ! 

To be ready for an emergency, we have organized 
ourselves into regiments, appointed officers, and made 
all necessary preparations for co-operating with our 
troops in case of a release, as they will undoubtedly 
be prepared to supply us with arms. If we are suffered 
to remain here, we hope, in a measure at least, to aid 
in the rescue. 

HOPES AND FEARS. 

The day wears away, and still no change in the 
situation that we can learn. Night comes, and the 
welcome sound of artillery has ceased, and the pris- 
oners are earnestly asking, "Is it a repulse, or has 
darkness put an end to a conflict destined to break 
forth with renewed energy in the morning ? " The 
Rebels seem as much in doubt as ourselves, and equally 
desirous of information. It is a comfort to hear the 
opinions of others under the circumstances, whether 
we accept those opinions or not. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 89 

March 12. — During the last few days we have 
learned some of the particulars from Rebel sources, 
concerning the fate of Kilpatrick's expedition. 

It appears that at Frederick's Hall, Colonel Dahl- 
gren, with about five hundred men, was detached, 
with orders to move by the way of Louisa Court 
House, while Kilpatrick, with the main body, moved 
on Ashland, thus threatening Richmond with two 
columns, destroying all government property on their 
line of march. But a misfortune, which a military 
commander in an enemy's country is so liable to meet 
with, thwarted one of the best conceived and most 
daring plans of the war. 

Dahlgren had employed a negro, as guide, who 
betrayed him by leading the column in the direction 
of Gouchland. "When Dahlgren discovered his mis- 
take, he ordered the negro to be executed for his per- 
fidy, and, changing his course, commenced marching 
rapidly upon Richmond ; but the Rebels were now 
well informed of the movement, and were on the 
alert. 

DEATH OF COLONEL DAHLGREN. 

On his return from the city, Dahlgren destroyed 
the Dover flouring mills and several private flouring 
establishments. He also materially injured the James 
River Canal ; but in atttempting to cross the river 
he was surprised by a large foroe of the enemy in 
ambush, who fired upon him, killing him and scatter- 
ing his command. 

Kilpatrick, deprived of the valuable services of 
Dahlgren, and having also to contend against an enemy 
who were receiving large reinforcements from Pick- 



90 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ett's brigade at Bottom Bridge, acted the wise part, 
and retired during the night in the direction of 
Mechanicsville. 

The advantages gained from the expedition seem 
to consist wholly in the large destruction of Rebel 
property, and also in cutting the communication be- 
tween Lee's army and Richmond. The enemy captured 
a few prisoners, and, of course, claimed a decided 
victory. 

REBEL BARBARITY. 

The prisoners captured from the raiding party are 
treated with the greatest inhumanity. The Rebels 
evidently have not exhausted all their resources of 
cruelty yet; for we are well treated in comparison. 
Officers, enlisted men, and negroes, are crowded 
together in filthy cells, and not allowed to communi- 
cate with the other prisoners. Their rations are much 
less than ours, and even of a poorer quality ; no 
indignity so great as not to be offered them. A Rebel 
sergeant brings their meals to them, and then orders 
them to sit down alternately with the negroes. Many 
men have done this by chance, or from choice it may 
be, and thought nothing of it — but to be compelled 
to sit in such a manner by Rebel orders, for the purpose 
of affording amusement to idle lookers-on, is some- 
thing more than an American's pride can endure with 
equanimity. 

They are not allowed to leave the room, and 
instead of going to the sink, are compelled to use 
an open tub which stands in one corner of the room. 
The object seems to be to impose a sense of disgrace 
on the men, and subject them to the ridicule of their 




(&£ 










1HE HOLE IX THE FJ.OOR. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 93 

own comrades, if possible, as well as to that of the 
Rebels. 

The reason they assign for this inhuman and un- 
civilized system of torture, is the destruction of public 
and private property during the raid, for which they 
hold them responsible. 

THE HOLE IN THE FLOOR. 

The cell in which the raiders are confined is di- 
rectly underneath my room ; of course, every device 
is used to open communication with them, that we 
may get a true history of their treatment, and also 
for the purpose of alleviating their sufferings as much 
as lies within our power. We have succeeded, by 
the aid of a saw-backed knife, in cutting a small 
hole through the floor, which we have kept carefully 
concealed. 

The authorities are in the habit of inspecting the 
floors continually to see that nothing is wrong. The 
hole opens through the ceiling of the cell, just over 
a large beam only a few inches below it. This pre- 
vents their seeing it from below, while the raiders, by 
climbing upon a table, can place a tin plate on the 
beam, and receive whatever is put down to them. To 
avoid their seeing it from our room, we insert the 
piece that was sawed out, and plaster it over well with 
the vile black soap issued to us. 

Through this hole we have furnished them with a 
share of such rations as have been issued to us. Some 
of our number were discovered by the Rebels while 
communicating with them, and, as a punishment for 
this offence, have been transferred to their' cell. 



94 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Henceforth, this was made the penalty for any such 
attempt ; but its only effect was to warn us to be more 
cautious in the future. 

THE PRISON UNDERMINED. 

March 15. — Immediately after Kilpatrick's raid, 
the prison authorities set to work to undermine the 
building. The small room from which the tunnel 
commenced, has been filled with a large quantity of 
powder, and now " the Yanks are prepared for h — 1," 
as they graphically express it. This is said to be in 
the event of our attempting to escape, or of a release 
being attempted by raiding parties. The whole trans- 
action is in perfect harmony with their ideas of civil- 
ized warfare. 

Such a plan for wholesale murder evinces a state 
of depravity on the part of the authorities at Rich- 
mond, to which we challenge the historian to find a 
parallel in the records of any civilized nation. Can 
such a peoj)le, who will perform acts of this description 
without apparent shame or conscious self-abasement, 
be entitled to be called by the mild term " enemies " ? 
None but the blackest of traitors could resort to such 
an expedient. 

Trains have been laid from this room to various 
guard-posts, where they can be fired at a moment's 
notice. Turner himself has given us to understand 
that if any more attempts are made for our rescue, the 
prison will be blown to atoms. 

March 20. — Sixty of our number were paroled 
to-day, and taken to City Point for the Confederate 
officers brought down by the Federal authorities; 



AND THE ESCAPE. 95 

they are to be exchanged ; Major Mclrvin, of the old 
regiment, is one of the fortunates. The prisoners 
are in excellent spirits, and are universally afflicted 
with " exchange on the brain." Three boat loads 
have now been permitted to return to " God's coun- 
try," including many of our enlisted men from Belle 
Isle, 

BELLE BOYD. 

A few days ago, the famous Belle Boyd, a Rebel 
spy, who was at one time captured by Kilpatrick 
and sent on to Washington, came through the prison. 
We received no warning of her approach, and were 
employed, as usual, looking for live stitches in the 
seams of our clothing. Some were sitting on the 
floor, with their shirts off; others were giving their 
last pair of pantaloons a careful scrutiny, while 
others had dispensed with both these articles, and 
were performing ablutions at the bath trough. She 
bore herself with becoming dignity, however, and 
seemed to look on all, "in the calm light of mild 
philosophy." 

March 22. — The officers captured during Kil- 
patrick's raid are still confined in the cell with ne- 
groes and the officers of colored troops, who have 
always been treated as felons. 

I came very near being detected this morning by 
Sergeant Briggs, while attempting to administer to 
their wants through the previously-described hole in 
the floor. I had stationed pickets about the build- 
ing to warn me of the approach of the authorities, 
but the sergeant happened to be in the small room 
occupied by General Scamraon, at the time I opened 



9(3 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

the hole, and hence was not seen by the men on the 
alert for him. Upon leaving the general's room, 
the sergeant passed within six feet of the place 
where I was so busily engaged in putting down 
corn-bread and burnt-meal coffee, that I did not 
notice his approach. Several prisoners, however, 
who were watching, stepped between us, and thus 
fortunately saved me from sharing the fate of those 
whose sufferings I was endeavoring to alleviate. 

PRISONERS FROM PLYMOUTH. 

April 25. — Our number has been increased to- 
day by the arrival of several "fresh-fish," captured 
recently at Plymouth, North Carolina. Having been 
in comfortable quarters at that point ever since their 
enlistment, they feel the privations and hardships of 
prison-life much more than prisoners in general. 
Long, fatiguing marches, and the hardships of many 
campaigns had somewhat prepared the most of us for 
still greater endurance ; and then we have discovered 
many expedients for getting along, which only a long 
experience can make available. 

It was quite amusing to see how the " Pilgrims " 
regarded their "position." Having prepared their 
first rations in Libby, which, however poor they 
might be, their long march had made acceptable to 
them, they remarked that there was no suitable 
place for taking their meals, and were not a little 
embarrassed at the merriment the remark produced 
among the old prisoners, who had long since ceased 
to consider where they should eat, but what ? The 
absence of bunks, and chairs, too, gave them equal 



AND THE ESCAPE. 97 

solicitude. They are trim-looking fellows, and when 
we look at our own tattered garments and haggard 
faces, it seems a pity that they must be reduced to a 
similar condition. 

Through the new arrivals, we are enabled to learn 
some news from our armies, and the particulars of 
the fight in which they were captured. It appears 
that they were overpowered at Plymouth, and, after 
repelling several desperate charges, were compelled 
to surrender. Brigadier- General W. H. Wessels was 
in command of the post, and was among the captured. 
The general is an old man and looks worn. The 
Eebels give him credit for desperate courage at Ply- 
mouth. He made no surrender, but was actually 
overpowered behind the intrenchments, by an over- 
whelming force. 

April 26. — The weather is very cold and dis- 
agreeable. No fuel is allowed in the upper rooms. 
Our suffering is intense. Our men on Belle Isle are 
being removed to Georgia. Consequently exchange 
stock is declining rapidly. 

THE GUEEILLA, MOSBY, 

passed through the prison to-day. He is about 
twenty-eight years of age ; has a slight figure, light, 
straight hair, and a smooth face, except the upper 
lip, which is hidden by a faded German moustache. 
He recognized many officers whom he himself had 
captured, and pleasantly remarked that he was glad 
to see them here. Yery little attention was shown 
him, as we regard it a disgrace for any man to ac- 
company a Rebel through the building. 



98 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

April 28. — Exchange stock is up again. Wall- 
street is no comparison to Libby for variability of 
stocks. It is rumored that a boat, laden with prison- 
ers from the North, is in, that terms for a general ex- 
change are agreed upon, and that Aiken's Landing is 
to be the port of transfer. 

April 30. — Despondency is written upon all faces 
to-day. Our hopes of exchange are all blasted. The 
feelings occasioned by our disappointment can be 
better imagined than described, but imagination, even 
in her most extravagant flights, can but poorly picture 
the horrors of this prison life. Our constant ex- 
perience is " hope deferred," and yet, " the miserable 
have no other medicine, but only hope ! " and we 
must continue to hope on. 

Many are endeavoring to break the tedium of their 
miserable condition, by cutting bones into all kinds of 
trinkets, crosses, rings, boxes, pins, etc., in which they 
display no little amount of ingenuity and perseverance. 
Their only implements are old jack-knives and table- 
knives hacked into saws, the Eebels having removed 
from us, since the discovery of the tunnel, all tools by 
which filing, sawing, digging, or cutting, could be 
done to any advantage. Others are studying or 
reading books, which were bought at the Methodist 
Book House in the city for us, and also sent from the 
North. While others still do little else than walk 
about the rooms, muffled up in their gray blankets, 
pounding their hands and feet to keep them warm, 
and chatting with their friends about exchange. As 
a general thing, time with us all moves only on lead- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 99 

en wings, and we look with anxiety for warmer, 
pleasanter weather. 

May 6. — There is great excitement in the city to- 
day concerning war matters. The campaign seems to 
have fairly opened in the "Wilderness, and so far as 
we can learn, the "boys in blue" are everywhere 
victorious under their new and popular leader, Gen- 
eral Grant. 

Lee is reported to have been defeated, and to be 
falling back to the fortifications. Several regiments 
passed through town this afternoon, on their way 
to the front. It is evident that there must be some 
truth in the rumor, for at eleven o'clock p. m. we were 
notified by Turner to be ready to leave the prison at a 
moment's notice. 

At twelve o'clock the adjutant's clerk, Mr. Ross, 
began calling the roll. As his name was called each 
prisoner passed from the cook-room, through the 
door opening on Cary street, and filed down between 
two lines of guards, closing up to those who had 
preceded him, and receiving, as he took his place in 
the ranks, a " corn dodger," which we were told 
must satisfy hunger until another issue could be 
made. I could not help rejoicing at my exit from 
the walls of Libby, for I felt that our condition could 
be made no worse, while a change of base might pre- 
sent opportunities for escape. This is the circle 
around which most of my thoughts revolve. 1 am 
not becoming satisfied with imprisonment, any more 
than to try to make the best of my surroundings, but 
I chafe under these restraints ; my curbed spirit longs 



100 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

to be free, and whatever may tend to bring me to 
that goal I accept with delight. 

FAREWELL TO LIBBY. 

A few of the prisoners were inclined to be de- 
spondent, and seemed to indorse the old maxim of 
"better bear those ills we have, than fly to others 
that we know not of." But I cheerfully accepted the 
change even for the sake of change, and with the 
hope of better days. 

We did not leave Cary street until the dawn of 
day, when we moved np to the first bridge and crossed 
over the James to Manchester, where we were packed 
into cattle-cars, and started for the South. Our place 
of destination was not known, but was supposed to be 
some point in Georgia. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 101 



CHAPTEE YI. 

IMPRISONMENT AT DANVILLE, VIRGINIA. 

Just at daybreak on the morning of May seventh, 
our train, heavily laden with its human freight, moved 
slowly away from the Rebel Capital, in the direction 
of Danville, which we reached about ten o'clock in 
the evening. Our ride was long, tedious, and full of 
plans of escape, with a few daring exploits. Being 
badly crowded in filthy, rough box-cars our trip was 
anything but pleasant. Just before reaching our des- 
tination, several of our number effected an escape 
from the cars ; the night having set in facilitated 
their projects. 

Lieutenant G. R. Barse, Fifth Michigan Cavalry, 
an old and intimate prison friend, jumped from the 
train while in motion. Twenty shots or more were 
fired at him by the guard, and he dropped to the 
ground. The Rebels boasted that " the d — d Yank 
would never escape again," and were so well satisfied 
of it that they did not think it worth while to stop 
the train. We afterwards learned that he got off with 
a slight flesh wound, but was subsequently recaptured 
and brought back to prison. 

Nearly every expedient for release was resorted 
to, and several attempts were crowned with success. 
By the aid of saw-backed knives, holes were made or 



102 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

hacked in the sides of the cars, through which several 
made good their escape, in some instances unnoticed 
by the guards. 

The party with whom I was confined were en- 
gaged for some time in this way, but just before our 
work was completed, our plan was discovered and 
frustrated by the vigilance of our keepers. We were 
not, however, easily discouraged, and as soon as one 
plan failed it seemed as though thousands of others 
were conceived, and so wc were almost constantly at 
work with 

NEW PLANS OF ESCAPE. 

What will not a man do to escape from an im- 
prisonment, which is so loathsome as to be in many 
respects even worse than death, with the hope of 
reaching a personal freedom, for which all living 
things yearn and struggle? How often we felt the 
power of the Spanish song, whose first lines have so 
many times thrilled the Castilian heart : — 

" 0, libertad preciosa,* 
No coinparada al oro, 
Ni al bien major de la espaciosa tierra!" 

After our disappointment as above described, we 
began to concoct a new plan for escape; which was 
to disarm the stupid guards by removing the caps 
from their guns, and then to dash past them at the 
first convenient opportunity. 

We succeeded in rendering one gim useless ; but 
the sentry carrying the other being on the alert, it 

* " Oh, precious liberty, 

Not to be compared to gold, 

Nor to tbe greatest good of the spacious earth 1 " 



AND THE ESCAPE. 103 

was impossible to uncap his piece, and, consequently, 
we very reluctantly abandoned our cherished project, 
and turned to think, or perchance to dream, of 
"prison pens," "bare feet," "corn dodgers," and 
" dead lines." 

At the Danville depot we spent a sleepless night 
in the cars, so crowded as to be unable to take a sit- 
ting posture, much less one of inclination, in which 
fatiguing condition many were nearly suffocated be- 
fore morning. We were then marched to the military 
prisons, consisting of three large brick buildings on 
the east side of the town. Previous to our arrival 
they were occupied by enlisted men. 

Near the centre of the second floor of one of these 
prisons, my messmates, Lieutenants Nyce and Rich- 
ardson, of the Harris Light, and myself have chosen 
a small spot, which we call our portion of the room. 

DANVILLE, ITS MILITARY IMPORTANCE. 

Danville is situated at the terminus of the Rich- 
mond and Danville railroad, one hundred and forty 
miles south-west of the former place, and four miles 
from the southern boundary of the State. It can be 
easily defended, and is, without doubt, one of the 
strongest natural positions south of Richmond. It 
has a population of about two thousand inhabitants. 

Our daily allowance of rations at this prison is as 
follows : One loaf of corn bread, weighing about 
three-fourths of a pound ; one-half pound of bacon, 
and one pint of soup. 

This is about fifty per cent, better than we had at 
Richmond. Such as it is, there is enough to sustain 



104 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

life. We are fired upon by the guard for the offence 
of looking out of the windows, as was the case at 
Libby. 

In this, and many other respects, I cannot see that 
we have gained by the change ; for we meet the same 
stamp of men here that we left at Richmond. In 
some respects our condition is worse. The rooms are 
much more crowded, occasioning great suffering. It 
is impossible to find a place to sleep without disturb- 
ing some one. In order to economize space, we have 
yielded to the necessity of 

SLEEPING SPOON-FASHION. 

At the best, large numbers are compelled to sit up 
till morning, and then take the places others have 
vacated. 

In spite of the annoyance there is something 
comical in our situation. We pack ourselves down 
to rest as a housewife would pack her silver spoons to 
lay them away ; and when any one gets tired of lying 
on any given side, he sings out, " Spoon to the right 1 " 
or, " spoon to the left ! " as the case may be, and all 
turn in the direction indicated by the speaker. 

If a man has occasion to leave his place during 
the night, he is sure to find it filled when he returns ; 
and he will not even know who is the trespasser, un- 
less he has taken the precaution to count and number 
his place from the wall. Thus he is never sure of 
rebuking the right one. 

Major Moffat is in command of the post, with a 
small force, only sufficient to guard the prisoners. 

We learn by rumor that a severe engagement 



AND THE ESCAPE. 105 

between Grant and Lee Las been raging since the 
fifth instant. It is generally inferred, by the uneasi- 
ness of the Rebels, as well as by their disposition to 
curtail our privileges, that " Uncle Bob," as they 
familiarly call their leader, has found his match at 
last. The South has had from the first great confi- 
dence in their chief, which his successes have only 
served to strengthen. Lee is said to be the greatest 
general of modern times ; the matchless hero of many 
battles ; the unconquerable Alexander, etc. Hence 
these latter reverses to their arms greatly puzzle and 
alarm them. 

May 11. — We have already commenced a large 
tunnel, and, should we remain here long enough, 
will give the Rebels another subject for reflection. 
The study of plans of escape is our constant em- 
ployment under whatever circumstances we are 
placed. The mind naturally reverts to the army, 
to home, and friends ; and we are willing to risk 
anything to secure a release from confinement. 

Could we but gain reliable news from our army, 
or were we permitted to receive letters from our 
friends, it would be a great satisfaction. But even 
these favors are denied us. 

The public prints are vigilantly excluded from the 
prisons, but rumor brings us news that General 
Averill is making a. raid in this direction. This, 
with the fact that a day's rations have been issued in 
advance, and the manifest restlessness of the Rebels, 
lead us to believe that we will soon be removed to 
some point in Georgia, out of the possible reach of 
Yankee horsemen. 
5 



106 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Some hopes are entertained, however, that our 
swift cavaliers will tramp into town, before the au- 
thorities can remove us. Groups are collecting here 
and there, and talking over the chances of success. 
Were so many children assembled together in antici- 
pation of a day of jubilee, the scene could not be 
more wild. 

The " Star-Spangled Banner " has just been struck 
up, and all join heart and soul in singing it. 

Greensboro', N. C, May 12. 

At four o'clock in the morning we bade farewell 
to Danville, after a stay of four days, and were 
again set in motion southward. We think traveling 
generally very beneficial to health ; and one not 
acquainted with the Rebel mode of treating pris- 
oners, might be inclined to think that they are dis- 
posed to favor us in this respect; for we do not 
seem destined to remain in one place any great 
length of time. 

It has been a damp, chilly day. Our circum- 
stances, and ourselves, doubtless, also, have been very 
disagreeable. The cars in which we journeyed 
leaked badly, and the rain was driven in through the 
crevices by a fierce wind ; this was a great detraction 
from the healthiness of our ride. 

MEETING CONSCRIPTS FOR LEe's ARMY. 

The Rebels are apparently very much alarmed at 
the state of affairs in Northern Virginia. We met 
conscripts almost every hour of the day, on their way 
to join Lee's forces. 



A ND THE ESC A PE. 107 

A more motley, ill-looking lot of men could riot 
have come together, if they had done so by design. 
They were going in squads of ten, twenty, fifty, or 
more, as the case might be, " across lots to join 
Uncle Bob's army in Yirginny." Some had hats, and 
some caps ; some coats, and some none. All were 
armed more or less, always according to their own 
fancy, or " what they happened to have in the 
house." Shot-guns, rifles, old rusty swords, long 
knives, horse-pistols, carbines, and broken jack- 
knives, bid fair to damage their owners much more 
than their enemies. It is very questionable whether 
many of them will ever swell Lee's ranks to any 
great extent. 

THE AUTHOR'S ATTEMPT TO ESCAPE. 

After a ride of twenty-four miles by rail, we were 
compelled to leave the cars and march on foot to 
within eight miles of Greensboro'. The roads were 
muddy, and our tramp by no means pleasant ; for 
our long imprisonment and scant rations have ren- 
dered us completely unfit for a walk of half a mile 
even. We suffered much in attempting to keep 
pace with the guard, who urged us forward at the 
point of the bayonet, cursing and threatening most 
fearfully all those that fell by the way from weakness 
and utter exhaustion. 

When we were again put into the cars, I attempted 
to hide behind a log and feign sleep, but was dis- 
covered, and after sundry kicks allowed myself to be 
awakened. By this time the cars were filled, and as 
the prisoners claimed that their respective cars could 



108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

hold no more, there seemed to be no room for me, 
which of course I did not much regret. The officer in 
command, however, undertook to find me a place, 
and as the doors were all closed, without further 
trouble, ordered me to make my entrance through, a 
small window near the top of one of the cars. This 
I was assisted to do by a high bank which happened 
to be alongside of the train just at that point. There 
were objections from within, however, the men cry- 
ing, " There is no room in here," but Rebel bayonets 
were urgent outside, and in I plunged without any 
definite prospect of touching bottom. 

As the fates would have it, I landed on the head 
and shoulders of Lieutenant-Colonel G. C. Joslyn, 
Fifteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, hitting several 
others, however, in the struggle. Quite a howling 
was raised, in wbich, I think, the lieutenant-colonel 
did not participate. In the melee, my effects were 
scattered about the car, and, after some scrambling, I 
found my level among the rest. 

" There's a Divinity that shapes our ends, 
Rough hew them how we will." 

Charlotte, N. C.,May 13. 

Leaving Greensboro', early in the morning, we 
reached Charlotte, in the same State, late in the after- 
noon, and were marched under heavy guard to the 
Commons, where we were told that an issue of rations 
would be made before leaving the place. 

On learning that there were Yankee prisoners 
in town, the citizens came out in large numbers. 
Many approached the guard line, and endeavored 
to converse with us, but were forced back at the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 109 

point of the bayonet. Finding that we could not 
converse with them, we concluded to entertain them 
with some music ; accordingly we struck up the 
"Star-Spangled Banner," "Bally Bound the Flag, 
Boys," etc. 

In each interlude, we could see white handker- 
chiefs waving in the breeze, showing that we were 
among loyal people who hailed again their coun- 
try's stirring songs. These demonstrations so ex- 
asperated the Virginia guard that they sent a detail 

to drive the " d d tar-heels," as they style the 

North Carolinians, off the field. All through North 
Carolina we saw unmistakable evidence of Union 
feeling, and the people manifested their loyalty in a 
bold and defiant manner. 

As night approached, our guards were doubled, 
which satisfied us that we should remain through the 
night. Many plans of escape were discussed, all feel- 
ing satisfied that if we could once pass the guard, 
great assistance would be rendered us by the loyalists 
of North Carolina, who have quietly indicated their 
readiness to aid us in reaching the Federal lines. 

Columbia, S. C, May 14. 

We left Charlotte at one o'clock this morning, in 
the midst of the wildest excitement. 

The night being very dark, and the soil where we 
were huddled together very sandy and light, many 
of the prisoners dug holes in the ground and there 
buried themselves, hoping thus to escape the observa- 
tion of the guard, when we should be marched from 
the field to the cars. Unfortunately, however, the 



110 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

scheme was exposed by one of the guards, who acci- 
dentally stumbled into a hole, in the bottom of which 
he beheld a live Yankee. 

Struck with astonishment, he shouted, " Oh, my 
God ! captain, here be one Yank bury hisself in the 
ground ! " A great excitement was the natural con- 
sequence. A general search ensued. Torchlights 
were used, and the trees and ground thoroughly in- 
spected. This investigation brought to light several 
holes of a similar character, each having deposited 
therein a Federal prisoner. 

The guards were very angry, and went about 
shouting, " Run them through ! " u Pick up the d — d 
hounds ! " etc. ; but their captain, a good-natured sort 
of a man, said, "ISTo, no ; the d — d Yankees have a 
right to escape, if they can. I'd do the same myself. 
I'll risk their getting away from me." But in spite 
of his confidence, quite a number were left behiud in 
these pits, where not less than thirty had sought to 
hide, and, doubtless, would have escaped, had not the 
accident above detailed occurred. A few of our 
number, who had climbed into trees, whose foliage, at 
this season of year, is luxuriant and dark, evaded the 
torchlight of the exploration, and gained what they 
had sought. 

At the discovery of each of these " Yankee tricks," 
our liberties — if indeed it could be said that we had 
any — were immediately curtailed, and our condition 
made more intolerable. Had it not been for the 
changes, which happily occurred in our guards, as 
we moved from one important point to another, 
we would have been, at last, reduced to mere 



AND THE ESCAPE. \\\ 

automatons, acting only as we were acted upon 
with no volition or power of our own. We were not 
far from this state of inertia, as it was, for however 
busy we might be in head, heart, or hand, the circle 
within which we were compelled to operate, was not 
much more spacious than the geometrical dimension 
described by a Northern schoolmaster, which was 
" the little end of nothing, whittled to a point." 

After our thrilling adventures at Charlotte, we 
were hurriedly driven into the cars and set in motion 
southward. 

Columbia, South Carolina, was reached late in the 
afternoon, and we were there informed that after a 
brief halt, we would continue our journey to Macon, 
Georgia, our final destination. 

Augusta, Ga., May 15. 

After leaving Columbia, we pushed on without 
any incident of importance, being closely guarded, 
and reached Augusta at six o'clock p. m. We were 
immediately given in charge of the city militia, a 
motley crowd of cowardly ruffians, who seemed to 
think that to be soldierly they must abuse defenceless 
prisoners on the simplest pretext. Our experience 
has led us to observe, that the most cruel soldiers are 
those who do their fighting at home, and who know 
nothing of the amenities of military life. These are 
usually braggadocios and tyrants, who fancy them- 
selves the lords of creation, appointed either " to rule 
or ruin." 

We shall not soon forget the suffering we endured 
at this place in consequence of our close confinement 
in the filthy cars, which we have not been permitted 



112 THE CAPTURE, TIIE PRISON PEN, 

to leave, for any purpose, since our hazardous exploits 
at Charlotte. 

The provost marshal of Augusta is a degenerate 
son of Governor Bradford, of Maryland. This grace- 
less youth afterwards led a dastardly hand of guerillas 
to his father's residence, and plundered the home of 
his childhood. 

In contemplating such characters one is forcibly 
reminded of their description by an inspired apostle, 
who says: ''For men shall be lovers of their own 
selves, covetous, boasters, proud, blasphemers, disobe- 
dient to parents, unthankful, unholy, without natural 
affection, trueebreakers, false accusers of those that are 
good, traitors" etc., and thus continues the truthful 
and terrible delineation of the character of thousands, 
who, before the Rebellion, were even peaceful citizens 
and kind neighbors, but whom treason has made 
odious and abominable. 

Between Augusta and Macon, Ga., May 16. 
About eight o'clock in the morning we started for 
Macon, and at a halt made on the way, for water and 
fuel, several of our number made their escape. Lieu- 
tenant Kellogg, Fifth Michigan Cavalry, climbed up 
into a water-tank, and was fortunately unnoticed when 
the train moved on. But his liberty was of short 
duration, for he was afterward recaptured, and made 
one of our number again. During the whole night 
we moved slowly on towards Macon. 



AND THE ESCAPE. H3 



CHAPTER YII. 

AT MACON GEORGIA. " CAMP OGLETKOEPE." 

We reached Macon at eight o'clock on the evening 
of May seventeenth, 1864. 

Two long files of sneaking, stay-at-home Georgia 
militia extended from the cars to the Prison Pen, and 
between them we were marched into Camp Ogle- 
thorpe. 

On our arrival at the front gate whom should we 
find but the veritable Major Thomas P. Turner, fiend 
incarnate, from Libby Prison. This human monster 
stood at the gate to count us as we passed in. To his 
great chagrin forty-seven of our original number were 
missing, all of whom had escaped from the cars. He 
drew us up in line, and informed us of the prison 
regulations, especially that any man would be shot 
who approached the " dead line." He soon afterwards 
returned to Richmond. His object in coming to 
Macon was, I presume, to give the authorities some 
instruction in regard to the treatment of Federal pris- 
oners, and they showed themselves apt scholars. 

The Prison Pen takes its name from General 
Oglethorpe, an early settler of Georgia. It is about 
eighty rods east of the city, and covers an area of a 
little more than two acres. The enclosure is sur- 
rounded by a stockade fence about fifteen feet high, 
^5* 



114 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

near the top of which projects a platform whereon 
the sentinels are stationed. Within the stockade, and 
at a distance of fifteen feet from it, is the dead line, 
extending entirely around the camp. This consists of 
an ordinary picket-fence three and a half feet high. 
In many Prison Pens of the South it is only a line 
of stakes, with sometimes a single board attached. 
Camp Oglethorpe was made expressly for our re- 
ception, and had never before been occupied. 

Macon is situated on the Ocmulgee River in the 
central part of the State, about four hundred and 
fifty miles from Danville, our last place of imprison- 
ment. It is finely located, has a population of about 
ten thousand, and is at present one of the most 
stirring and important towns in the South. It is one 
hundred and sixty miles from Augusta, and one hun- 
dred miles from Atlanta. Two daily newspapers, the 
" Macon Confederate " and " Telegraph," are pub- 
lished here. 

Since leaving Richmond my health has been very 
poor, owing, doubtless, to the various changes to 
which we have been subjected. Besides, the cars in 
which we were transported were extremely filthy, and 
as they were kept constantly closed, the air was very 
impure. The heat, also, is getting to be intense during 
the day, and its effects are telling on the strength of 
the men. 

NEW ARRIVALS. 

On the morning of the twentieth one hundred 

and seven officers from Grant's army arrived, to take 

up their abode in the Prison Pen. Among them are 

Generals Shayler and Seymour. As soon as the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 115 

" fresli-fisli" * arrived the cry ran through the camp, 
and a general rush was made for the gate. An eager 
group surrounded each man, and our appearance was 
quite as strange to them as theirs to us. Generally 
their first question was, " Are you Federals or Con- 
federates ? " there being little in our appearance to 
make the question unnecessary. 

The process of initiation was very disgusting to 
most of them. "While some would be seriously ask- 
ing questions concerning their capture and listening 
to their pitiful story, others would call out, " Take 
your lingers out of his haversack ; " " Keep that 
louse off him ; " " Give him air," etc. All this affect- 
ed them strangely at first, but soon became an old 
story. They brought very welcome news concerning 
the movements of our armies. 

There are at present about twelve hundred of our 
officers confined here, four hundred of whom were 
captured since the commencement of the campaign 
in front of Richmond. 

FIRING UPON A PRISONER. 

Early on the morning of the twenty-second Lieu- 
tenant H. P. Barker, First Rhode Island Cavalry, was 
fired upon by one of the sentinels — a boy not more 
than fourteen years of age. The youth missed his 
aim, however, and his ball buried itself in a tree a 
little beyond. The lieutenant is quite an old man. 

* The first six months of prison life, an officer is called a 
"fresh-fish ; " the next four months, a "sucker ; " the next two 
months, a " dry cod ; " the balance of his time, a " dried her- 
ring ; " and after exchange, a " pickled sardine." 



116 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Looking across the intermediate space, to the boy, he 
coolly said, — 

" Young man, what are you shooting at ? " 

" I am shooting at you, you d d old cuss," was 

the reply. 

" And what are you shooting at me for ? " 

" Because you had your hands on the dead-line," 
said the boy. 

At this moment two other guards came up, and 
one of them taking the boy by the collar and shaking 
him thoroughly, demanded, — 

" What are you shooting at that prisoner for, you 
d d little scoundrel ? " 

The boy replied, " Because he had his hands on 
the dead-line." 

The guard shook him again, and told him he was 
a liar, as the man was not within twenty feet of the 
dead-line, and then called the corporal of the guard, 
who marched the precocious monster away. If any 
punishment was administered to him, we never heard 
of it. 

I was lying within ten feet of Lieutenant Barker 
w T hen the shot was fired, and am certain that he was 
at least thirty feet distant from the fatal line. 

TUNNELING. 

May 29. — "We received notice this morning from 
Captain W. K. Tabb, present commandant of the 
prison, that in the future, all prisoners not in ranks 
at roll-call, will be shot down by the sentinels, on 
the stockade. 

We have also received orders to take our boards 



ai 



AND THE ESCAPE. 119 

and blankets from the ground. The probable reason 
of this vigilance was doubtless caused by their having 
discovered several tunnels which we had commenced 
and were carrying forward as fast as possible. 

Our plan of operations was as follows : We have 
been allowed to build ourselves small sheds, to afford a 
shelter from the burning sun, of some refuse boards 
that were lying about ; and under these sheds we have 
made bunks to sleep on. A bunk was selected in a 
shed as near the dead-line as possible, and under this 
bunk w T e sunk a hole or " well," as it w r as termed, 
straight down to the depth of five or six feet. From 
the bottom of this well the tunnel extended out under 
the stockade. Only one man could dig at a time, and 
as the work was very fatiguing, we relieved each other 
often. The dirt was brought to the mouth of the 
tunnel in meal sacks which had been stolen from the 
ration wagon. 

Two or three were detailed to carry off the dirt to 
the sinks. We usually commenced operations after 
ten o'clock in the evening, and continued until nearly 
daylight. Upon leaving the tunnel, a board was 
fitted in about a foot from the surface, and then dirt 
was swept over so as to obliterate all traces of the 
digging. 

From sixteen to twenty days were required to 
finish the narrow road to liberty. Fires were built 
by the guard at short intervals between the dead-line 
and stockade, completely encircling the camp, so that 
the tunnels had to be carried a great distance, iu 
order to have the place of egress as safe as possible. 

If the work could have been completed, we should 



120 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

have chosen some dark and stormy night to remove 
the slight cap of earth at the outer extremity of the 
subterranean channel, and then stealing out cau- 
tiously, so as not to attract the attention of the 
vigilant sentinel, we would have made for the woods 
and swamps. 

Those who had done the digging were to have 
had the first opportunity to pass out, and then as 
many more were to go, as could get through the 
tunnel before daybreak. 

Our plan was a good one, and we felt confident 
that it would prove a perfect success until the eve 
of its completion, when either some cowardly traitor 
in our midst, or a detective sent in by the authori- 
ties, exposed the scheme, and thus blighted our 
brilliant prospects. 

UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES. 

The result of this attempt to reach " God's coun- 
try," is a reduction of rations, and a resort to every 
restriction which could possibly be conceived by an 
enemy. 

While in Libby, I imagined that the deeds of 
villainy were well-nigh exhausted, — I had thought 
that the catalogue of crime was nearly filled by the 
Confederate miscreants, but alas ! you have only 
to see the heartlessness and the intrigues of the 
authorities here, — you have only to witness the suf- 
fering, the frenzy, and the fever, and you will then 
say, that these are the deeds of pitiless monsters. 

A short time since, Captain Irich, Forty -fifth New 
York volunteers, sent a watch and chain by Captain 
Tabb, to be sold for not less than four hundred dollars. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 121 

Some time afterward Tabb was seen wearing the chain, 
and upon being questioned, said he had sold the watch 
for two hundred dollars, and the chain had been 
given to him. Inch thereupon demanded either the 
property or the four hundred dollars, threatening to 
expose the whole affair if they were not given up. 
For this offence he was bucked several hours — but 
the articles were restored. 

Irich was a German, and thoroughly posted in 
military tactics, besides being a fine swordsman. 
When we were being marched into Camp Ogle- 
thorpe, Tabb had given an unmilitary order, and 
Irich corrected him, when the infuriate Rebel or- 
dered him to keep silent, threatening with drawn 
sabre to split his head open. Irich, with a little 
stick in his hand dared him to strike a blow, and 
the braggart was forced to put up his sword, amid 
the jeers of the citizens standing about. This may 
have been the reason for the severity of the punish- 
ment in the affair of the watch. 

RELIGIOUS MEETINGS. 

Prayer meetings, and other religious assemblies, 
are held almost every evening ; and if the prayers 
of prisoners can avail, our President will be wise 
as Solomon, and our armies universally successful. 
Captain Tabb had heard that it was customary 
to pray for the President and the generals of our 
army, and one evening during service came in to 
put a stop to it. While he was issuing his orders 
in one_ corner of the room to Chaplain White, 
Fourth Rhode Island Battery, Chaplain Dixon, Six- 
teenth Connecticut, stepped forward and offered 



122 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

a prayer. The fearless and devout man prayed 
for the President and his advisers, Generals Grant 
and Sherman ; that treason might be crushed, and 
the Stars and Stripes once more wave over our 
common country. Tabb heard him through, and 

then walked out, remarking, " D d smart prayer, 

but it won't answer the purpose." No further at- 
tempts were made to curtail the freedom of prayer. 
Large numbers have been converted, of those who 
had all their lives been regardless of such matters. 

July 18. — Our daily allowance of rations at this 
prison is one pint of corn-meal, one ounce of rice, one 
ounce of peas or beans, and one fourth of a table- 
spoonful of salt. 

We have no cooking utensils except a few iron- 
skillets. The beans furnished are wholly unfit for 
use, and the quantity of rations not more than one 
half of what we actually need. 

June 10. — Fifty of our number were sent to 
Charleston to be placed under fire of our siege-guns 
on Morris Island. These included all the general 
officers, together with the highest in rank of the field 
officers. Among them were Generals Scammon, 
Wessells, Seymour, Shayler, and Heckman. 

A PRISONER SHOT. 

At eight o'clock on the evening of the eleventh, 
Lieutenant Otto Grierson, Forty-fifth New York 
Volunteers, was shot through the body and mortally 
wounded by a sentinel on the stockade. 

It is asserted by the sentinel, that the lieutenant 
was in the act of making his escape, by crawling up 



AND THE £ SCAPE. 123 

the creek to the " dead-line," preparatory to passing 
under the stockade ; but those who were near by, 
and saw the affair as it occurred, said that he was 
not in the creek at all, and that he was at least six- 
teen feet from the fatal line. 

I had just left the spring, and met Grierson on his 
way after water. Hearing the report of the sentry's 
musket, I hastened with several others to the lieuten- 
ant's assistance, and found him in a dying condition. 

Some of our number called upon Captain Gibbs, 
the prison commandant, informed him of the facts, 
and requested an investigation, but were turned away 
with no satisfactory answer, or rather with the under- 
standing, that we need not expect anything in that 
direction. But the villain who perpetrated the deed 
was promoted to a sergeant, and given a furlough, for 
what they considered his fidelity and promptness in 
the execution of orders. 

PRACTICAL INFAMY OF REBELS. 

June 22. — Captain Gibbs proposes to allow us the 
privilege, as he is pleased to term it, of choosing 
delegates to solicit of the authorities at Richmond 
an opportunity to visit our enlisted men at Ander- 
sonville, for the purpose of reporting their condition 
to our authorities at Washington.* 

The fact is, if the truth were known, the Rebels 
are desirous of placing a weapon in the hands of 
the " peace party " at the North, whereby the cause 
of the Unionists may be defeated. 

* The representations they propose to make are, " that the 
awful suffering cf our men in southern prisons is caused by a 
change of climate and the hopelessness of exchange." 



124 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Confederate officers and citizens are allowed to 
visit us frequently. They represent to us, and 
would gladly have us believe, that they are doing all 
in their power to make our condition comfortable and 
agreeable. 

They repeatedly affirm that the non-exchange of 
prisoners is due entirely to the fault of our Govern- 
ment. In short, they are very anxious to have us 
send a deputation to Washington, for the purpose 
of placing before President Lincoln and the admin- 
istration the horrid condition of our men in southern 
prisons, and to ask an immediate general exchange 
of prisoners, claiming, as a matter of course, that 
they are doing all they possibly can for us. 

In accordance with their entreaties, we have held 
a meeting, but the result is quite unsatisfactory to 
the Rebels ; for we have most firmly resolved never 
to become agents in advancing the interests of the 
Southern cause, even though our sufferings be in- 
creased a hundred-fold. 

I am perfectly satisfied that there has been no 
time since the beginning of the war when the enemy 
could not have given their prisoners an abundance 
of corn-meal, and bacon, were they so disposed ; and 
from observation I know that they could have fur- 
nished lumber, to provide us with more comfortable 
quarters. With such facts, glaring and palpable as 
they are, we will be a party to no transaction which 
can possibly aid in furthering their base designs. 

DISCOVERY OF TUNNELS. 

The camp was searched to-day by order of the 
prison commandant, and the three tunnels which 



AND THE ESCAPE. 125 

have been in process of digging for the past fifteen 
days were discovered. Had it not been for this 
misfortune, many of us would have bid farewell to- 
morrow night to this field of suffering. 

Doubtless, some detective from the outside ex- 
posed the scheme. Never was I more disappointed 
than in this misfortune ; for our plan was a good one. 
The tunnels were large, and it was estimated that 
nearly all the prisoners could pass through them in a 
single night. We had looked forward with the deep- 
est anxiety to what we felt assured would be the 
happy termination of our labors ; but alas ! when it 
seemed that we were about to reap the promised re- 
ward, like the mirage, it vanished in the distance. 

As a result of the discovery the following order 
has appeared on the Prison Bulletin : — 



C. S. Military Prison, 
ders, }_ M. 

No. 6. 



Special Orders, ) Macon, Ga., June 22, 1864 



rs, ) 



I 



Sentinels are instructed to shoot down all prisoners, in the 
future, who are seen moviDg about camp after taps. 

Geo. 0. Gibbs, 

Captain Commanding. 

The guards appear delighted to receive orders of 
such a character, and seem to find real consolation 
in having the privilege of firing upon us on the most 
trivial pretext. A thirst for blood seems to char- 
acterize their actions. They have all their lives long 
been taught that the blood of " niggers " and Yankees 
was made to be spilled when occasion requires, and 
they never hesitate to put the teaching into practice. 
Hereafter all who leave their bunks at night to go to 



126 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

the sinks or elsewhere, do so at the peril of their 
lives. 

Scurvy is now becoming horribly prevalent in our 
midst. Chronic diarrhoea is also sweeping off its vic- 
tims most fearfully. It is almost impossible to get 
treatment for either. Large numbers, who are afflict- 
ed with the former disease, may be seen every day 
burying themselves up in the ground, as the earth has 
a tendency to check its frightful ravages. 

Much to my disgust, I find that this loathsome 
disease has again got hold of me. I have been hop- 
ing that it would pass me by in its visitations, but it 
is unquestionably present in my limbs. I attended 
sick-call this morning, and was prescribed for by the 
surgeon the first time since we left Richmond. I 
shall not make any effort to get into the hospital, for 
I am confident that it is much better to remain in 
camp, among my friends, where they can administer 
to my wants, than to go where the prisoner can ex- 
pect but little sympathy, or anything else that might 
have a tendency to rid him of disease or recruit his 
wasted, strength. 

It is not strange that the term " hospital " has be- 
come synonymous with death ; for but few who enter 
it ever come out alive. When a man is seen leaving 
camp in a blanket, it is thought that he is past help ; 
and if he is fortunate enough to return to his fellows, 
it is considered an exceptional case. 

Deaths have been very frequent since the warm 
weather came on. Many have gone to their long 
homes since our arrival here. We call it being " ex- 
changed " ; and it certainly is a happy transformation 



A NO THE ESC A PE. 1 2 1 

from so much misery and wretchedness on earth to a 
life of eternal joy in the bright realms above. We 
cannot sigh for such, but only rejoice that their cares 
and misfortunes are ended. It almost makes one 
long to go, when we think that their sufferings and 
trials are over, and it is not wonderful that they 
should murmur in their last moments, — 

" I would not live alway — I joy in the trust, 
That when this frail form shall return to the dust, 
My spirit shall rise on the wings of Thy love, 
To seek its true home in the mansions above." 

FOURTH OF JULY IN PRISON. 

We had several roll-calls in the morning. The 
prison authorities seemed very fearful that we would 
attempt a general escape. Immediately after the 
roll-calls a large meeting was organized. Captain 
Todd, Eighth New Jersey Infantry, displayed a small 
silk flag four by six inches, which had been presented 
to him by Miss Paradise, of Jersey City, and which 
had thus far escaped the vigilance of southern relic 
seekers. The miniature " Star-Spangled Banner " 
was hailed with rounds of cheers, which showed that 
they came from loyal hearts. 

We then adjourned to the large building occupied 
by the general and Held officers, where Chaplain 
Dixon, Sixteenth Connecticut Volunteers, opened the 
exercises with prayer. Captain Ives, Lieutenant Og- 
den, First Wisconsin Cavalry; Captain Lee, Fifth 
Michigan Cavalry ; Lieutenant Kellogg, Chaplain 
Whitney, One Hundred and Fourth Ohio ; Chaplain 
Dixon, and Lieutenant Colonel Thorp, First New 
York Dragoons, then followed with speeches and 



128 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

toasts, interspersed with national songs, "while far 
above our heads, attached to a long pole, was the em- 
blem of freedom, the " Red, "White, and Blue." 

Although in prison, and held there by those who 
ought always to have regarded the people of the 
North with brotherly kindness, who never should 
have raised the recreant hand of treason against the 
government established by our common fathers and 
sealed with their blood, there was still a universal 
feeling that the day which sealed our liberties should 
be observed with suitable ceremonies. All felt that, 
live or die, survive or perish, we would give a hearty 
support to those Stars and Stripes — the banner of the 
free — that had so long waved over our heads, and for 
which we were then suffering every indignity and 
privation. 

"We had every reason to believe that the Rebels 
would not object to the celebration of the day that 
proclaimed us victorious over the British Lion, and 
brought freedom to them, as well as to us ; but in 
this we were mistaken. Whilst we were listening to 
a spirited oration from Colonel Thorp, the comman- 
dant of the prison, Captain Gibbs, deemed it neces- 
sary, in the exercise of his little authority, to march 
a regiment of troops into the enclosure and order the 
assemblage to disperse. Having no possible alterna- 
tive, the order was, of course, complied with. 

The meeting was conducted in a quiet and orderly 
manner; the animus of the speaking was generally 
national, and nothing but Rebel tyranny could object 
to it. 

Colonel Thorp, who had been for some time in 



AND THE ESCAPE. 129 

command of the interior of the prison, by virtue of 
his position as senior officer, was relieved from duty 
by the following order : 



" C. S. Military Prison, [ 

) Macon, Ga., July 4, 1864. ) 

No. 9. J 



Special Orders, ) Maoon, Ga., July 4, 1864. 



" I. Lieutenant Colonel Thorp is relieved from duty as senior 
officer of prisoners, for a violation of prison rules, and Lieuten- 
ant Colonel McCreary will again assume that position. 

"II. The same order and quiet will be observed on this day 
as on any other. 

"III. A disregard of this order may subject offenders to un- 
pleasant consequences. 

"Geo. C. Gibbs, 

" Captain Commanding. 1 ' 

July 27. — Six hundred prisoners were counted 
out of the enclosure this evening; their destination is 
supposed to be Charleston, where they will doubtless 
be placed under fire of our guns on Morris Island, as 
were the field officers sent thither during the early 
part of last month. This is a most singular method 
of defending a besieged city against its enemies, and 
illustrates, to some extent, the character of a people 
that would like to be " let alone," while attempting to 
establish a government in accordance with their own 
chivalrous notion of justice, equality, and State 
rights. 

July 28. — The second six hundred were counted 
out of the pen late in the afternoon. As his name 
was called, each prisoner stepped between the dead- 
line and stockade, where we expect to remain until 
morning, when it is generally understood that we will 
be shipped to the coast. 



130 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

All the old prisoners are in line, and we shall 
leave Camp Oglethorpe in charge of a hundred 
prisoners from Sherman's army, who were brought in 
yesterday. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 131 



CHAPTER VIII. 

SAVANNAH, GEORGIA, "CAMP DAVIDSON." 

"We left Macon at four o'clock a. m. of July twenty- 
ninth guarded by a battalion of the Fifth Georgia 
Reserves, and reached Savannah at six o'clock the 
same evening, the distance being about one hundred 
and fifty railes. It soon became apparent that the 
Rebel authorities were moving us from necessity. 
Their hurried and excited manner indicated that all 
was not well. Artillery was being rapidly hurled 
into position, the troops were on the alert, and every 
preparation made to defend the place; but as for our- 
selves, we could only hope that through their misfor- 
tune we might find an opportunity for escape : and 
the reader may imagine our disappointment when we 
learned afterwards, from one of the guards, that our 
cavalry, under General Stoneman, cut the road at 
Griffin Station only thirty minutes after we had pass- 
ed. To think that freedom had come almost within 
our grasp, and yet eluded us, tended only to add bit- 
terness to our hard lot. Stoneman attacked Macon, 
but was repulsed, and himself with a detachment of 
his command were captured. One hundred prisoners, 
or more, who had not been removed, were hurried 
down into a swamp, and guarded during the fight. 

Savannah is situated on the Savannah River, 
6 



132 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

twelve miles from its mouth, on the eastern coast of 
Georgia. It is unsurpassed by any other city in the 
State in its business facilities, and also in its neatness 
and regularity. In a military point of view, it stands 
next to Charleston in importance. Its population at 
present is about twenty thousand, including a large 
number of refugees. The inhabitants are generally 
suffering from the most abject poverty. At present 
there is a perfect stagnation in business ; but one 
can easily judge its past enterprising spirit by the 
unmistakable marks of its former prosperity. 

Our camp is in the eastern part of the city, near 
the Marine Hospital, which was built and formerly 
used by the Federal Government. 

Pulaski's monument stands within plain view. 
This is a fine structure, about forty feet in height. 

There are about four thousand Rebel troops doing 
garrison duty in the city. The nearest Union force 
is at Fort Pulaski, located at the entrance of the 
harbor. They are in such close proximity to the 
enemy that, if we could but escape the vigilance of 
our guard, we should be almost certain of reaching 
the Federal lines in safety. 

Camp Davidson, our present Prison Pen, takes its 
name from Captain H. II. Davidson, who was its first 
commandant. It is surrounded by a stockade and 
dead-line, and does not differ materially from the pen 
at Macon. Quite a number of large, moss-covered 
live-oak trees are growing within the enclosure, which 
will furnibh a refreshing shade from the oppressive 
noon-day sun. 

So great is the contrast between our treatment 



AND THE ESCAPE. 133 

here and at other places, that we cannot but feel that 
fortune has certainly smiled kindly upon us for once. 

This is truly the oasis in the desert of our prison 
lives. The authorities have issued tents and cooking 
utensils to us, and seem inclined to alleviate suffering 
as far as lies within their power. We have pitched 
our tents in regular order, so that the camp has quite 
a military appearance. 

Our senior officer, Colonel Miller of New York, acts 
as commandant of the interior, and all requests and 
complaints are made through him to the prison author- 
ities. He also superintends the issuing of rations and 
policing of the camp. It is fortunate for us that our 
guard, the First Georgia Volunteers, have been pris- 
oners of war, and have learned what we had a right 
to expect, from the magnanimous treatment they 
themselves have received from the Federal govern- 
ment. 

At Richmond, Danville, and Macon, the authori- 
ties adopted a course which they believed would ren- 
der us forever unfit for further military duty. Their 
means were starvation, close confinement in filthy 
dungeons, and cruel treatment. The slightest pretext 
was sufficient to increase its severity. Evidently, at 
Savannah, they have not yet learned the usual method 
of ridding the Confederacy of its enemies, 

The troops here have seen service, and there is 
nothing like the adventures of the battle-field and the 
mutual sufferings there experienced, to teach soldiers 
humanity towards each other. Whenever attempts 
are made to escape, they give us to understand that 
they would do the same themselves, under like circum- 



134 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

stances, but are still compelled to punish such infrac- 
tions of prison discipline. They politely ask our pardon 
for inspecting our quarters, and in a manner as gentle- 
manly as possible, remove our blankets from the floors 
of the tents in their search for incipient tunnels, etc. 
All this is very gratifying, and tends to remove the 
bitter hatred which former brutality had engendered. 

These Georgia boys will be long remembered, and 
may look for the utmost kindness and consideration 
from us, if chance ever reverses our situations. 

Our rations, though barely sufficient to sustain 
what little vitality we have left, are of a better qual- 
ity than we have received before, since our capture. 
The following is our daily allowance : Corn-meal, one 
pint ; fresh beef, one pound ; rice, one gill ; salt, one 
fourth of an ounce. 

Sutlers are allowed to sell to us in camp ; but 
having been robbed of our money and nearly all our 
valuables when captured, we are generally very poor 
customers. We gradually find ourselves dispossessed 
of whatever remains to us of value, such as rings, 
pocket-knives, watches, etc., which we succeeded in 
concealing from our captors. 

These souvenirs of the past were disposed of to 
purchase the necessaries of life, which we could have 
at the following prices : Flour, four dollars per quart • 
onions, three for a dollar ; potatoes, forty-eight dol- 
lars per bushel ; bread, two dollars per loaf; butter, 
ten dollars per pound ; eggs, six dollars per dozen ; 
milk, three dollars per quart. 

At such prices we of course soon wasted away 
what we chanced to have ; and this done, these land 



AND THE ESCAPE. 135 

sharks ceased their visits, and we had to again con- 
tent ourselves with what the Rebel government saw 
fit to furnish. 

BRICK OVENS. 

The authorities have been kind enough to make 
an issue of brick, with which to build ovens. "We 
raise thern about two fbet from the ground. The 
brick are arranged in an oval form, and strongly 
cemented together with mortar made of clay, which 
is very adhesive, and serves as a good substitute for 
lime and mortar. 

"We use these ovens principally for baking our 
corn-bread, which is prepared by stirring the meal 
and cold water together. When baked, this bread is 
as heavy and almost as hard as the iron skillet used 
in baking it. Still it is far preferable to that pro- 
duced by the usual method of cooking. 

It is rumored that the first six hundred prisoners 
sent from Macon, attempted to disarm the guard, and 
take the train between this place and Charleston. 
The attempt seems to have proved a failure, as the 
guard had assistance from some temporary troops 
stationed along the railroad. 

It may seem strange that men will incur such 
risks in the hope of regaining their freedom, when 
they know full well the bitter consequences of an un- 
successful effort. 

Yiolent attempts, when they prove abortive, al- 
ways render them liable to be shot down without 
mercy. Stealth and strategy are the prisoners' only 
weapons, and they are always more safe and more 
effective than force. 



136 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

August 22. — Tunneling, as a means of escape, 
lias become quite an institution. A tunnel was com- 
menced some days ago, from a well which we had dug 
and abandoned for this purpose. None but the work- 
ing party were in the secret ; and they themselves 
sworn not to divulge our plans. Tools were fre- 
quently brought in for cleaning the camp, and we 
managed to keep some of these generally for a day or 
two, until a search was instituted for them, when they 
were left exposed in some other part of the camp for 
the Rebels to find. 

This tunnel was about two and a half feet in di- 
ameter, and four feet below the surface. The soil is 
sandy, and the digging was carried on rapidly. 
When some distance beyond the stockade, it was 
brought to the surface, and a very small hole made 
through the sward. Through this a reconnoissance 
was made, and the first thing discovered was a pair 
of gray legs pacing along only a few inches from the 
opening. 

The hole was immediately closed and the tunnel 
pushed farther on, with the intention of carrying it 
beyond the second line of sentinels, which, it thus 
appeared, had been established. 

The work was progressing finely when, in the 
afternoon, a cow, passing over the tunnel, broke 
through, and was unable to extricate herself. The 
Rebels, seeing her in difficulty, came to the rescue, 
and thus discovered our work. 

The tunnel was filled up at once, the camp care- 
fully inspected, and the most severe penalties threat- 
ened in case of any further attempts to escape. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 137 

That poor stupid cow had brought to light, by 
mere chance, what Rebel scrutiny had failed to dis- 
cover. There were no blessings for the cow that 
day — at least, not within the stockade. 

JOY WITHOUT, DEATH WITHIN THE STOCKADE. 

August 26. — This has been a galaday for the 
Rebels at this point. A picnic has been given to the 
Rebel troops stationed here, by the ladies of Savan- 
nah. It was held a short distance from our camp — 
so near that our ears have been greeted by lively 
music, joyous peals of laughter, and happy voices. 

How many sacred memories of other days did this 
scene recall ! Freedom, certainly, seemed a precious 
gift to them. It will be doubly so to us, if we are 
ever permitted to regain it ; and hence, in the future, 
we may be compensated for our present loss. But to 
many of us the day has been as sad within the stock- 
ade as seemingly joyous without. 

Captain McGinn is, one of our number, died this 
morning. He had a large number of friends among 
the prisoners, and was held in high esteem for his 
many noble qualities ; but the severity of prison life 
had done its work, and he was gone; and we were 
desirous that one so brave and noble as he had proved 
himself to be, should have at least a decent burial. 
Therefore we appointed a committee to wait upon the 
commandant of the camp, Colonel Wayne, to request 
that we might be permitted to give the captain a de- 
cent burial ; but received from him the response, that 
the captain " was nothing but a damned Yankee, de- 
serving to be buried like a dog, and so he should be." 



138 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

We expected little more, as Colonel Wayne is an 
unprincipled tyrant, and would consider it beneath his 
dignity to confer a Christian favor, or even to give a re- 
spectful reply. Although an excellent disciplinarian, 
he has no just claim to the title of a " man," and 
his very appearance indicates as much. Fortunately 
for us, he is an exception among the officers of his 
command, and it is only justice to them to state that 
they universally despise him. 

KINDNESS OF LADIES. 

We were greatly surprised this evening upon re- 
ceiving a note from ladies in the city, informing us 
that they had learned with pain of Colonel Wayne's 
answer to our petition, and that they themselves have 
purchased a burial lot unbeknown to the colonel, 
where the captain's remains will be suitably interred 
under their direction. Thank God for this dear 
womanly act ! 

August 30. — An exchange of army chaplains and 
surgeons has been effected; and those held as prison- 
ers at this point are to take passage north on the next 
flag-of-truce boat, and will leave this place for Charles- 
ton on the four o'clock p. m. train. The wildest 
enthusiasm prevails among them. An exchange from 
close confinement in the hands of an enemy, to per- 
fect freedom among one's friends, is certainly a suffi- 
cient cause for exultation and joy. 

The D. D.s and M. D.s are now the great centre 
of attraction with the prisoners. Crowds have been 
collecting around them all day, with some message 
for friends at home, which they promise sacredly to 



AND THE ESCAPE. J 3 9 

deliver. They will be sadly missed by us, for they 
were untiring in their labors while here. 

September 1. — Heavy cannonading has been heard 
in the direction of Charleston all day. The atmos- 
phere is damp, and the heavy booming of Gilmore's 
" swamp angel " has been distinctly brought to our 
ears. 

I have been amusing myself, during my stay here, 
in studying geometry. As a matter of review it does 
very well, but I question whether much progress 
could be made in any new department of study. 
Samuel Johnson, I think it was, who, when he sus- 
pected that his brain might be softening, used to turn 
to mathematics as a test. If we were tried by such a 
standard, I fear many of us might find ourselves can- 
didates for a lunatic asylum. 

September 11. — Exchange stock above par. It is 
rumored that we are to be sent to Charleston in the 
morning for exchange, but few are inclined to invest. 
The general impression is, that if we are removed at 
all, it will be to share the fate of our fellow-officers, 
who were sent thither from Macon. It is not with 
pleasant feelings that we anticipate a removal. Our 
treatment here has been kind and even generous, in 
many instances, and it is feared that an exchange can 
only be for the worse. Anticipating greater hard- 
ships, we leave Savannah with regret. 
6* 



140 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER IX. 

AT CHARLESTON, " UNDER FIRE. 



Late in the evening of September eleventh, 1864, 
without warning or explanation other than onr own 
hopes and fears suggested, we received the order " pack 
up," — a 'generic command which had no very literal 
significance under the circumstances, and yet it neces- 
sitated some little compliance. 

A prisoner without shoes for his feet or coat for 
his back, with one hat and one shirt and no blanket, 
will yet be thankful for a little time in which to 
pack up. If he is a Yankee, he has become the owner 
of some personal property, though his bondage have 
been on Sahara's barren desert ; and then there are 
souvenirs of home that his tact and tenderness have 
retained in spite of Rebel serveillance; and he must 
take with him relics of his dark, gloomy prison home. 
This passion for relics is all-prevailing among northern 
soldiers. 

If a Yankee boy were incarcerated in the sulphur- 
ous dungeon of Tartarus, the chances are ten to one 
that he would bring away with him, on his release, a 
piece of brimstone at least, though he had to burn his 
fingers in getting it, and Cerberus would be more than 
usually alert, if he didn't get half a dozen hairs from 
his tail. Attention to these relics, farewells to the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 141 

various scenes of suffering and want, and especially 
the subject of rations, required a considerable time. 

Prom our stock of corn-meal we had to make 
" pones," corn-meal cakes, enough for the journey ; 
these were baked in the skillets before mentioned, one 
skillet serving for twenty men. As soon as " march- 
ing orders " were received there was a vigorous rush 
for the skillets, of course, and " De'il take the hinder- 
most," found a practical illustration. Those who 
failed to be first, strove to be second, by exacting a 
pledge from No. 1, that he would give them the skil- 
let when he was through with it ; those who failed to 
be second would fain content themselves with being 
third, and so on up the scale. 

Sometimes differences of opinion arose with regard 
to the relative position of certain parties on the " skil- 
let " schedule, and mild knock-downs resulted, which 
placed both at the foot of the list. 

Men will fight for their " rights," even when staring 
death in the face in a southern prison. Had they all 
been sentenced to be hung, they would doubtless have 
" stood on the order of their going," and insisted on 
the precedence of rank. 

Baking the " pones " occupied the greater part of 
the night, and on the morning of September twelfth, 
at six o'clock, we were marched out of Camp David- 
son by our old guard, the Second Georgia Regulars. 

There is something sad about leaving even a 
"Prison Pen" after a long and familiar acquaintance. 
Pibres of attachment will spring from the heart to 
fasten on the most loathsome objects, where circum- 
stances of necessity and mutual suffering make the 



142 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

soil mellow. I felt stealing over me something of 

those hopeless emotions which brought Byron's sad 

and subdued " Prisoner of Chillon " to say : 

" My very chains and I grew friends, 

So much a long communion tends 

To make us what we are ; — even I 

Regained my freedom with a sigh." 

Only ours was not freedom, but rather something 
worse than the worst bondage. We were to be taken 
to Charleston and placed under fire of our own batter- 
ies, for the enemy seem to think that we may be the 
means of saving the besieged city from the doom 
which inevitably awaits it. Of course they affirm 
that this is retaliation, but with the ISTorth retalia- 
tion has ever been looked upon as a sad extremity, 
and to be exercised only when no other resource 
remains for restraining the excesses of its foes. "With 
the South, the slightest pretext has been sufficient to 
cause the, most wanton destruction of life. 

After leaving our camp at Savannah, we were 
turned over to the City Battalion, which guarded us 
through town. 

We remained for a number of hours in the dust} T 

streets of the city, under the scorching heat of the 

sun, when we were ordered into cattle cars, weary and 

sick at heart, yet not entirely despondent, for there is 

"No grief so great but runneth to an end, 

No hap so hard but will in time amend." 

One of our number having obtained permission 
from the nearest guard, under the plea of necessity, 
stepped out of his car at the first station, when he 
was immediately fired upon by several others. The 



AND THE ESCAPE. 143 

prisoner only saved his life by dodging under the car. 
Even while there, the commanding officer of the gnard 
rushed up with boisterous curses and discharged his 
revolver at the defenceless victim, without asking a 
word of explanation. The prisoner was dragged from 
under the car and thrown back among his fellows. 
And yet these men, who could thus murderously fire 
on a defenceless prisoner guilty of no offence, were 
constantly talking of their honor and their " chiv- 
alry." Their deeds will publish their true charac- 
ters long after their words are forgotton. 

A run of ten or twelve hours brought us to Charles- 
ton. The citizens turned out in crowds as we march- 
ed down Coming street, and, as usual, we listened to 
the stereotyped billingsgate of the southern chivalry. 
We were entirely satisfied that " familiarity breeds 
contempt," as we listened to their coarse comments on 
the "damned Yankees," "northern blue-bellies," 
" baboons," " Lincoln's monkeys," etc. Many, on the 
other hand, in the interval of our short halts, express- 
ed sincere regrets at our unfortunate situation, and, 
rather quietly to be sure, assured us of their faith in 
the ultimate triumph of the Government. It was 
rather surprising to find so many of this class in the 
cradle of secession. There were just enough of them 
to save from utter ruin that treason-polluted city. 

Our destination was Charleston jail-yard, the 
grand receptacle of all Union prisoners in Charles- 
ton. It is situated in the south-eastern portion of 
the city, and in plain view of Morris Island, on 
which our batteries were planted, which did such 
fearful execution. 



144 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

The jail is a large octagonal building of four 
stories, surmounted by a tower forty feet in height. 
On the right is the large bastile-shaped work-house, 
where a part of the prisoners were confined. 

The gallows is located at the south side of the 
jail, and the fragment of a tent whicli I occupied 
was directly in front of it. This is the nearest we 
ever came to hanging, so far as I could learn, — 
unless it be the necessary suspense of our situation. 

Our quarters were in the yard, and the whole 
enclosure was surrounded by a massive wall of 
masonry sixteen feet in height. Everything was in 
the most filthy condition conceivable, having been 
occupied for a long time by prisoners and convicts, 
without ever having been cleaned. We were unable 
to obtain even the necessary tools from the authori- 
ties, to do this work ourselves. Its sanitary condi- 
tion was such, that it seemed impossible for us to 
remain there long without suffering from some foul 
and malignant disease. The ground was literally 
covered with vermin. A fellow-prisoner has said 
that he thought it the "nastiest, dirtiest, filthiest, 
lousiest place he was ever in." 

We were without shelter. Fragments of tents 
were still standing, but afforded no protection from 
the sun or storm, for the prisoners who were con- 
fined there before us, many of whom were from 
Andersonville, were in such a destitute condition 
upon their arrival, that they cut the tents to pieces 
to make themselves clothes to wear. 

The ground floor of the jail was occupied by civil 
convicts ; the second story, by Rebel officers and 



AND THE ESCAPE. 147 

soldiers under punishment for military offences ; the 
third story, by negro prisoners ; and the fourth, by 
Federal and Rebel deserters. 

It is a fine compliment to the good sense of the 
Rebels, that the deserters from either side were 
treated with the same severity. They seemed to 
consider that none but those who deserved the se- 
verest punishment would be guilty of deserting the 
Federal cause to join their traitor ranks ; and so they 
placed them side by side with deserters from their own 
army, and subjected them to the same privations. 

It must have been consoling to the cowards and 
sneaks who deserted the Stars and Stripes, to re- 
ceive such close attention. Sometimes they ventured 
down from their fourth story to mingle with the 
Federal soldiers in the yard. Under such circum- 
stances nothing could restrain the prisoners from 
working a general onslaught, and the miserable 
slinks did well if they got back to their " sky-loft " 
with whole heads. This righteous indignation of 
suffering soldiers was a natural out-cropping of that 
heroic determination which kept their patriotism 
burning brightly in the midst of their untold suf- 
ferings. 

Many of the negro prisoners in the jail were 
captured at our assault on Fort Wagner. I had a 
conversation with Sergeant Johnson (colored), Com- 
pany F, Fifty-fifth Massachusetts Infantry ; he was 
a full-blooded negro, but possessed of no ordinary 
degree of intelligence ; he gave me an interesting 
history of the captivity and trial of the negro pris- 
oners. Soon after their capture they were informed 



148 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

that they were to be tried by a civil commission, on 
a charge of having abandoned their masters and 
enlisted in the United States army, and if found 
guilty, they were told that they might make up their 
minds to stretch hemp. And why should they not 
be found guilty ? to be sure, nearly all were from 
the North, and had always been free ; but they knew 
full well that this court was formed, not to subserve 
the ends of justice, but to convict, for the Rebels 
had sufficiently illustrated their method of dealing 
with negro prisoners, that is, when they deigned to 
receive them as such, instead of murdering them in 
cold blood, in order to convince their comrades of 
the narrow chances for life, should they unfortunately 
fall into the hands of an enemy. 

A FRIEND. 

The sergeant told me that they were surprised to 
find a friend in a relative of Ex-Governor Pickens of 
South Carolina. The governor himself was true to 
southern principles, having been elected to the 
legislature of his State by the nullifiers in 1832, and 
being among the foremost to urge his State out of 
the Union in 1860 ; but this friend to the oppressed 
remained firm in the cause of his country, and 
bravely loyal, as the sequel will show. He came to 
them and offered unrecompensed to plead their 
cause before the sham tribunal that was to decide 
their fate. "When he first revealed his intention to 
act in their behalf, he was regarded as an impostor, 
a government detective, whose only object was to 
learn their history ; that is, to ascertain if they had 



AND THE ESCAPE. 149 

been slaves, to whom they had belonged, and under 
what circumstances they had left their masters. But 
he persisted, and gave them money to purchase little 
necessaries (for nothing but corn-meal was issued 
to them, and this in very small quantities), and left 
them with the promise that he would soon return, 
and report the progress of his investigations ; but 
when he came, he found them still doubting, and 
unwilling to place confidence in him ; but, calling 
them together, he related that before the war he 
himself was a slaveholder, and was known and re- 
spected throughout his State. But at the commence- 
ment of this intestine strife, having proved true to 
the " old flag," his propeiiTy had been swept from 
him, calling him traitor, and an abolitionist, and that 
now he was an outcast among his friends, and in con- 
stant danger of being assassinated. 

GENUINE PATRIOTISM. 

He also told them that he knew that this must be 
his fate, from the first, if he remained true to his con- 
victions; but that, having counted the cost, it was as 
nothing when weighed in the balance against truth ; 
and he was now prepared to do his work thoroughly 
and unhesitatingly, regarding only as friends those 
who were true to the cause of their country. 

By this means he gained their confidence, for there 
is a higher language than the written. It is seen in 
the mute dropping of the tear, in the trembling of 
the lip, in the flashing of the eye, in the melody of 
the voice. The tones of sympathy and friendship 
cannot be successfully counterfeited. Deceivers may 



150 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

impose on those whose perceptions have been dulled 
by the conventionalities and allowed hypocrisies of 
society; but the quick-sighted instincts of the child of 
nature will readily detect the fraud. They listen to 
the words of a man, and then look into his eyes to 
interpret his meaning ; and this decision cannot be 
revoked. And when this language shall become as 
universally studied and understood as the written lan- 
guage which we speak, then shall the divine com- 
mand, " Thou shalt not lie," never be violated, on 
account of the inability of mankind to deceive us 
with their words. 

As the sergeant related to me how untiring were 
the efforts of this friend during their prolonged and 
doubtful trial, in combating error with firm, convinc- 
ing truth, in proving their innocence, even under 
laws that were made but for white men, he seemed at 
times to be completely overcome by his feelings, so 
unused was he to sympathy or kind words; but when 
their trial was once over, and their innocence estab- 
lished, they returned to jail, to be regarded as prison- 
ers of war. 

THE LAST VISIT. 
It was after their return to the jail that their friend 
and advocate visited them for the last time. Their 
emotions were uncontrollable, and they seemed unable 
to give even a faint expression of their gratitude to 
him who had sacrificed so much for them. Their ad- 
miration for this devoted friend of the Union was so 
great, that the mere mention of his name is sufficient 
to bring tears to the eyes of these swarthy sons, who 
have thus far had so little to be grateful to us for. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 151 

This young man, who thus came forward to defend 
innocent and unfortunate men, was to them, and is 
to us, " nameless " ; but his memory will be green in 
their simple hearts until their black faces go down to 
the grave. The gratitude of the humblest of our" 
fellow-men is a treasure the true heart will cherish. 

This stranger died shortly after. "Whatever may 
have been his previous life, he carries with him the 
act of unselfish philanthropy, a gift that is dear to 
Heaven. 

NEGRO MELODIES. 

At the close of day the negro prisoners made a 
practice of getting together in the jail, and singing 
their plaintive melodies till late in the evening. The 
character of their songs was usually mournful ; and 
it was often affecting to listen to them — always em- 
bodying, as they did, those simple, child-like emotions 
and sentiments for which the negro is so justly cele- 
brated. The harmony and rich melody of their 
voices are rarely surpassed. Indeed, this seems a 
special gift to them. This very fact gives the surest 
promise of their future elevation and refinement. No 
race so delicately sensitive to the emotional can be 
essentially coarse and barbarous. 

One song, which appeared to be a special favorite 
with them, was written by Sergeant Johnson, whom 
I have before mentioned. He intended it as a parody 
on " When this cruel war is over." I mve the song 
as he furnished it to me. 



152 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

I. 

" "When I enlisted in the army, 
Then I thought 'twas grand, 
Marching through the streets of Boston 

Behind a regimental hand. 
"When at "Wagner I was captured, 

Then my courage failed ; 
Now I'm lousy, hungry, naked, 

Here in Charleston jail. 
Chorus. "Weeping, sad and lonely — 
Oh ! how had I feel ; 
Down in Charleston, South CarTina, 
Praying for a good ' square meal.' 

II. 

"If Jeff. Davis will release me, 

Oh, how glad I'll he ; 
"When I get on Morris Island 

Then I shall be free ; 
Then I'll tell those conscript soldiers 

How they use us here ; 
Giving us an old ' corn-dodger ' — 

They call it prisoner's fare. 

III. 
" "We are longing, watching, praying, 
But will not repine 
Till Jeff. Davis does release us, 

And send us ' in our lines.' 
Then with words of kind affection, 

How they'll greet us there ! 
Wondering how we could live so long 

Upon the ' dodger's fare.' 
Choeus. — Then we will laugh long and loudly- 
Oh, how glad we'll feel, 
"When we arrive on Morris Island 
And eat a good ' square meal.' " 



AND THE ESCAPE. 153 

The negroes sang this song with a great deal of 
zest, as it related to their present sufferings, and was 
just mournful enough to excite our sympathy. 

A small portion of the present inmates of the jail- 
yard were removed here from Anderson ville; and I 
have listened with pain and perfect horror to the 
history of their past treatment. Future generations 
will stand aghast in view of the unheard of and piti- 
less deeds of men steeped in infamy — their foul and 
barbarous usage of our unfortunate soldiers. 

At Andersonville large numbers were crowded into 
a small space, where the ground was literally alive 
with vermin. During the heat of the day, by watching 
closely in the warm sand, you could perceive a con- 
stant motion among the particles ; so alive was it with 
lice. On such ground as this, the men were closely 
crowded together, without shelter, and with fare which 
a Rebel surgeon himself declared "would produce 
diseases among swine." 

AWFUL CONDITION OF THE HOSPITAL. 

The hospital was in the most wretched condi- 
tion ; no one left the pen, however feeble he might 
be, who had any friend to attend to his wants, for the 
only advantage gained by leaving the stockade, was 
a shelter from the scorching rays of the sun, but this 
was counterbalanced by being brought in such imme- 
diate contact with so many afflicted with the most 
foul and offensive diseases. 

The men were placed upon the ground, nothing 
underneath them, and usually without covering, while 
the nights were so chilling as to keep the poor fellows 



154 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

quaking with cold until the sun appeared again to 
warm them, and then followed the other extreme, the 
intense heat, which rendered the sufferings of those 
intolerable whose blood was almost quenched with 
burning fevers. 

The Rebel surgeons seemed to give them little or 
no care. 

So filthy and obnoxious, so infested with vermin, 
and so loathsome had this den of living death become, 
that it was indeed impossible for a person of good 
health to endure it long. 

While such a state of things existed, it is not 
strange that the mortality among them was fearful. 
Each day the dead were carried away by scores, their 
places to be again filled by others, who in all proba- 
bility would soon share the same fate, for none but 
those who were so low as to be past cure were ever 
looked at by the surgeons, and nearly as many died 
within the pen, without ever receiving any medical 
treatment, as in the hospital. 

A fearful responsibility certainly rests somewhere, 
and the fiends who could thus wantonly murder so 
many helpless and innocent men, are almost as much 
to be pitied for their moral depravity as the prisoners 
for their bodily suffering, and yet these martyrs to 
the cause of " Liberty and their Country " never mur- 
mured against the Government, always believing that 
it was powerless to help them, or else that it did not 
understand their true condition. 

I have noticed scarcely a prisoner from Anderson- 
ville who was not more or less affected by some 
disease contracted there, so that we now see the truth- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 155 

fulness of wliat they say proven by their physical con- 
dition. 

One poor fellow, who was lying in the jail-yard 
when we arrived, recognized in one of our number 
his former captain. In a feeble voice, he addressed 
him as such, but the poor prisoner was so tattered and 
emaciated, and blackened by disease and exposure, 
that the captain did not recognize him. A faltering, 
broken explanation located him in his memory, and 
they took a melancholy pleasure in rehearsing their 
mutual and individual experiences. The dying man 
was too far gone to need assistance, had any been pos- 
sible, and all the captain could do was to lie down by 
his side during the long cold night that followed, and 
close his lifeless eyes in the morning. 

A THUNDER-STORM. 

September 20.— I find myself weak and exhaust- 
ed this morning, with blood feverish and my system 
racked with pain, the result of yesterday's suffering ; 
for it was one of the most wretched days that I have 
passed since my capture. 

Nothing could have been more lovely than the 
morning, but the sky was soon overcast with dark 
clouds, and one of the most fearful thunder-storms 
broke forth that I have ever witnessed, followed by a 
severe and drenching rain, which continued during 
the day and night. We were without shelter, or 
wood to build fires, and were obliged to exercise con- 
stantly to keep from chilling. 

At night, as there were no signs of the storm 
abating, we sent a committee to wait upon the jailer, 



156 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISOX PEX, 

to obtain permission, if possible, to go inside the jail, 
as there were a number of unoccupied cells, but were 
refused admission, without a reason being given. 

Before morning the yard became flooded with water 
some four or five inches deep, and with our garments 
drenched and our limbs benumbed with cold, we were 
compelled to walk through this flood, in order to keep 
the blood in circulation. 

There were a few small out-houses connected with 
the jail, formerly used as sinks, and which were in the 
most loathsome and filthy condition ; yet into these a 
small portion of the prisoners crowded themselves, and 
were partially protected from the storm, but suffered 
almost as severely from the obnoxious vapors, as we 
from the drenching rain. 

Our situation called to mind the experiences of 
persons whose minds had become weakened by a ne- 
cessitated abode on some desert island, whose man- 
hood had been lost by an unbroken familiarity with 
forest solitudes and savage beasts, whose natures had 
been almost changed by the wind and spray and shell- 
fish diet of some bleak ocean rock; and 1 wonder- 
ed, since the influences in the outer world are so potent 
for good or evil, what must be the effect upon us, 
whose vision cannot extend beyond the dismal walls 
which surround this abode of misery. The monotony, 
too, is only relieved by a "jail," a " work-house," and 
the whizzing, bursting shells. 

S&pt&mher 22. — Heat oppressive. Heard from the 
members of my regiment who are confined in Roper 
Hospital. They are making an effort to have Richard- 
son and myself transferred to that building, which is 



AND THE ESCAPE. 157 

a far better place than the jail-yard, although it is 
quite as much exposed to shot and shell. 

The naval officers are in excellent spirits at pres- 
ent, having learned by the last flag-of-truce boat that 
terms for a special exchange of all naval prisoners 
have been agreed upon. 

Shelling is kept up vigorously. From sixty to a 
hundred huge smoking two-hnndred pounders convey 
Federal compliments daily to the cursing city. 

It is a singularly noticeable fact, that every 
Charleston paper, in its report of " damage done the 
city" by our batteries, never chronicles the loss of a 
white person ; but in every morning edition we 
notice the name of some " poor negro, 1 ' whose life has 

been taken by the " cruel barbarity of the d d 

Yankees." 
1 



158 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER X. 

ROPER HOSPITAL, CHARLESTON. 



J i 



September 29. — To-day is an eventful one for 
Richardson and myself. Our rations being entirely 
gone, we started in quest of something to eat, after 
taking our usual morning bath. We succeeded in 
finding a friend who had a little corn-meal left, and 
who willingly shared it with us. Hastening back to 
our quarters, we converted it into mush, and sat 
down fully prepared to do ample justice to the 
dish, when a cry was heard, "All those whose 
names are called, will prepare to go to Roper Hos- 
pital immediately." 

We listen, but our names are not called ; we wait 
and wait for the next list to be read. It seems evi- 
dent that we are destined to remain in the jail-yard ; 
when, to our great surprise, we hear the welcome 
voice of Major E. F. Cooke, of the old regiment, 
who has at last succeeded in persuading the authori- 
ties to remove us from this hell on earth. How we 
start ! How eagerly do we grasp his extended hand ! 
He tells us to "pack up," which requires but a 
moment, as our wardrobe is scanty, and our equip- 
ments few. Passing through the heavy doors of the 
jail, it seemed as though a new life had sprung up 
within us. We felt free, although Rebel bayonets 



AND THE ESCAPE. 159 

still surrounded us. We were taken before the 
Rebel commandant, to whom we gave the following 
parole : 

" Charleston, S. C, C. S. A., ) 
"September—, 1864. \ 

"We the undersigned, prisoners of war, confined in the 
city of Charleston, in the Confederate States of America, do 
pledge our parole, individually, as military men and men of 
honor, that we will not attempt to pass the lines which shall 
be established and guarded around our prison-house ; nor 
will we, by letter, word, or sign, hold any intercourse with 
parties beyond those lines, nor with those who may visit us, 
without authority. It is understood by us that this parole is 
voluntary on our part, and given in consideration of privileges 
secured to us, by lessening the stringency of the guard, of free 
ingress and egress of the house and appointed grounds during 
the day, by which we secure a liberty of fresh air and exercise 
grateful to comfort and health. 

" Hereby we admit that this our parole binds us in letter 
and spirit, with no room for doubt or technicality of construc- 
tion, and its violation will be an act of lasting disgrace. 
Signed." 

After signing this, we were marched under guard 
through the gateway of " Roper " into the beautiful 
garden of the hospital. How great the change ! 
Here we are comparatively free. Here all seem 
better contented. We are assigned quarters on the 
third-floor piazza : the hard floor seeming a luxury, 
and the place itself a paradise, compared to that 
worse than grave — Charleston jail yard. 

September 30. — Sixty shells and solid shot of very 
heavy calibre were thrown into the city to-day, many 
of which exploded in what is commonly called the 
Burnt District. It covers about one-third of the city, 



160 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

and was burnt during the early part of the year, 
having been set on fire by the explosion of shells 
thrown from onr batteries on Morris Island. 

This part of the city has been deserted by all 
except the negroes, who, whenever there is a cessa- 
tion of shelling for a short time, flock here in great 
numbers to save rent. But a few shell dropped 
into the streets will soon disperse them, although 
they are easily tempted back again. And after a 
few days of quiet, they may be seen trudging around 
with bundles on their backs, looking for the most 
favorable location, often taking up their quarters in 
the dwellings of the former notables. Before the 
siege the poor negroes could only gain admission 
by the back entrance, where, with hat in hand, they 
awaited the orders of " massa." 

Well, truth is stranger than fiction, and the city, 
built by the hard labor of slaves, now holds them 
as her principal occupants. 

SHELLS A SUBJECT FOR DISCUSSION. 
As the shells from our batteries came screaming 
over our heads, we took them as the subject of nu- 
merous and warmly contested discussions. Some, 
for an argument, claimed that a shell is entirely 
harmless in its progress through the air, if it does not 
explode before reaching a point directly overhead ; 
others asserted that it must be past sufficiently far 
to make an angle of forty-eight degrees with the 
horizon before all danger is over. There are many 
absurd notions in circulation relative to the explosion 
of shells. Pictorial papers represent them as ex- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 161 

ploding while sweeping through the air, and the 
fragments flying in all directions. Soldiers return 
from the army, and talk of small shells entering men's 
heads, exploding just as they were passing through, 
and so scattering brains and skulls to the four winds 
of heaven. 

The laws of physics will teach us, that if a shell is 
moving through the air with a velocity greater than 
that which its explosion is capable of giving to the 
fragments, none of them can possibly fall back of the 
place of explosion. If the velocities here spoken of 
should be exactly equal, the pieces of the shell on the 
side next the mortar would be just stopped by the 
explosion, and so would fall perpendicularly to the 
ground ; while those on the side opposite the mortar, 
being propelled by two forces (that of the mortar and 
that of the explosion), would necessarily be thrown a 
greater distance forward. The pieces at right angles 
to the direction of motion would be thrown at right 
angles to this direction, if the velocities were equal ; if 
not equal, they would move obliquely backwards or for- 
wards according to the velocities, making the hypoth- 
enuse of a parallelogram. The explosion of shells 
over large bodies of water will thoroughly test these 
conclusions ; and observations made under such cir- 
cumstances prove them to be correct. If a shell ex- 
plodes when moving rapidly over a body of water, the 
pieces all strike the water several rods in advance of 
the place of explosion, — some more, some less, — the 
puff of smoke still remaining to mark the spot. Some 
move obliquely forward, some strike nearer and some 
farther from the place of explosion. It would not be 



162 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

difficult to tell, from the striking location of any frag- 
ment, whether it was at the north, south, east, or west 
side of the shell at the instant of explosion. If a 
shell is stationary, or moving very slowly, the pieces 
of course fly in all directions. 

Groups of prisoners collected from time to time 
for the purpose of discussing this and various other 
subjects in which, we had a direct, though unpleasant 
interest. Hours were spent thus, whilst every fifteen 
or twenty minutes we could see the smoke and hear 
the explosion of " Foster's messengers," as we called 
them, which came to us in the shape of screeching, 
tearing, death-dealing, two-hundred pound shells ; 
and although we were completely isolated from the 
outer world, yet these " terrible despatches " seemed 
ever welcome. They told us of the untiring persever- 
ance of our forces on Morris Island. 

So correct was their aim, so well did the gunners 
know of our whereabouts, that shells burst all around 
in front, and often flew screeching directly overhead, 
without injury to us. When the distant rumbling of 
the "swamp-angel" was heard, and the cry, " Here it 
comes ! " resounded through our prison-house, there 
was a general stir. Sleepers sprang to their feet, the 
gloomy forgot their sorrows, conversation was hushed, 
and all started to see where the messenger would fall. 
Perhaps it would burst in mid air ; perhaps fall crash- 
ing through the roof of some dwelling, converting it 
quickly from a stately mansion to a heap of smoking 
ruins. 

The sight, at night, was truly beautiful. "We 
traced along the sky a slight stream of fire, similar to 



AND THE ESCAPE. 163 

the tail of a comet ; followed its course until, " whiz, 
whiz," came the little pieces from our mighty two- 
hundred pounders, like "grape-shot," scattering them- 
selves all around, and assuring us, in unmistakable' 
language, that our soldiers were still battling for the 
cause of freedom inviolate. 

October 1.— Yellow-fever is raging fearfully in the 
city at present. Five shells from our batteries fell in 
the burnt district to-day. It was amusing to witness 
the flocks of negroes, who came running from the 
buildings which they have occupied since the com- 
mencement of the siege clear of rent charges, the 
owners being too timid to remain in that locality. 
The colored people are often driven out in this man- 
ner, but invariably return after the shelling, to enjoy 
their threatened haunts. 

SISTERS OF CHARITY. 

Confined as we are so far away from every home 
comfort and influence, and from all that makes life 
worth living for, how quickly do we notice the first 
kind word, the passing friendly glance ! Can any 
prisoner, confined here, ever forget the " Sisters of 
Charity?" Ask the poor private, now suffering in 
those loathsome hospitals so near us, while burning 
with fever or racked with pain, if he can forget the 
kind look, the kind word given him by that " Sister " ? 
Many are the bunches of grapes, many the sip of its 
pure juice, does the sufferer get from her hands. 
They seem — they are, ministering angels ; and while 
all around us are our avowed enemies, they remain 
true to every instinct of womanhood. They dare 



164 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

lift the finger to help, they do relieve many a suf- 
ferer. 

All through the South our sick and wounded sol- 
diers have had reason to bless the Sisters of Charity. 
They have ministered to their wants, and performed 
those kind womanly offices which are bitter to the 
sick than medicine, and so peculiarly soothing to the 
dying. These noble women have tended their sick 
beds when the other professedly Christian ladies of 
the South looked on in scorn, and turned away with- 
out even a kind word. They have done what some 
were too bitter and cruel to do ; they have done what 
others did not dare to do. They were somehow per- 
mitted to bestow charities wherever charities were 
needed, without fear or molestation. Their bounties 
were bestowed indiscriminately on Federal and Rebel 
sufferers, and bespoke a broad philanthropy, unlimit- 
ed by party or church or nation. Many a poor sol- 
dier has followed them from ward to ward with tear- 
ful eyes, and remembered the poet's lines : 

" Woman ! Blest partner of our joys and woes ! 

Even in the darkest hour of earthly ill, 
Untarnished yet, thy fond affection glows, 

Throbs with each pulse, and beats with every thrill! 
"When sorrow rends the heart, when feverish pain 

"Wrings the hot drops of anguish from the brow, 
To soothe the soid, to cool the burning brain, 

Oh, who so welcome, and so prompt as thou ! 
The battle's hurried scene, and angry blow, 

The death-encircled pillow of distress, 
The lonely moments of secluded woe — 

Alike thy care and constancy confess, 
Alike thy pitying hand and fearless friendship hless." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 105 

Were other denominations in the South as active 
in aiding us as the Catholics have been, I might have 
some faith in Rebel Christianity. 

October 2. — Several shells passed directly over us 
this afternoon, a fragment of one striking the west 
end of the building. 

October 3. — Our batteries have shelled the city vig- 
orously during the past forty-eight hours. Many explo- 
sions occurred very near us. ISTo casualties among the 
prfsoners. 

YELLOW-FEVER. 

The Rebel captain commanding the prison, and 
his adjutant, died last night with yellow-fever. Many 
prisoners have been swept off by the same within the 
past few days. 

October 4. — Heard from our enlisted men confined 
on Charleston Race Course. Starvation, exposure, 
and the frightful ravages of yellow-fever are doing 
their work most effectually. 

October 5. — Orders are issued to " pack up " once 
more. We are to leave Charleston. The Rebel 
authorities ostensibly claim that they are removing us 
from the ravages of yellow-fever. In view of the fact 
that we were brought here to be murdered by our 
own guns, this assertion seems doubtful, — and in view 
of the fact that it is no longer for their interest to 
keep us here, it appears more doubtful. It seems 
scarcely credible that Louisianians should invoke 
the yellow-fever upon our armies, and South Caroli- 
nians remove them from under its influence. We 
were brought to Charleston to save the city from the 
shells of our batteries on Morris Island. The result 
7* 



166 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

proved that our gunners there could fire over and 
about our prison, and scathe the blackened city as 
fiercely as ever. In addition to this, General Foster 
placed an equal number of Rebel officers on Govern- 
ment transports in front of his works, which effectually 
prevented them from firing upon him. It was for 
their interest, under these circumstances, to take steps 
to get these Rebel officers removed. These facts place 
their humanity in rather bad odor. 

FAREWELL TO CHARLESTON. 

We bade the cruel city farewell without a regret. 
It has long been the abode of outrage and injustice. 
We expected no mercy at its hands, and have receiv- 
ed none. The seething, almost conscious, shells from 
our island batteries are paying the respects of the 
North and northern men to this now desolate source 
of treason and discontent. We leave you to your 
fate, thankful that our presence, even as prisoners, has 
not mitigated your punishment. 

The following verses were composed by Lieuten- 
ant J. Ogden, First Wisconsin Cavalry, and will fit- 
tingly close the chapter on Charleston : 

CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA. 
I. 

Oh, thou doomed city of the evil seed, * 
Long nursed by baneful passion's heated breath ! 

Now bursts the germ, and lo, the evil deed 
Invites the sword of war, the stroke of death ! 

Suns smile on thee, and yet thou smilest not ; 

Thy fame, thy fashion are alike forgot. 

* The doctrine of State Rights as taught by John C. Calhoun. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 167 

Consumption festers in thy inmost heart ; 
The shirt of Nessiis fouls thy secret parr. 

II. 

Lo, in thy streets — thy boast in other days — 

Giim silence sirs, and rancorous weeds arise! 
No joyous mirth, nor hymns of grateful praise, 
Greet human ears, nor court the upper skies; 
But deadly pallor, and a fearful looking for 
The hand of vengeance and the sword of war. 
Thy prayer is answered, and around, above, 
The wrath uf Gud and man doth hourly move. 

III. 

Thy foes are in thy heart, and lie unseen; 

They drink thy life-blood and thy suhstince up ; 
And though in pride thou usest to sit a queen, 

Justice at last commands the hitter cup. 
The blood of slavts upon thy skirts is found ; 
Their tears have soaked this sacrilegious groucd. 
The chains that manacled their ehon arms 
Now clank about thine own in dread alarms. 

IV. 

Thy sanctuaries are forsaken now ; 

Dark mould and moss cling to thy fretted towers ; 
Deep rents and seams, where straggling lichens grow, 

And no sweet voice of prayer atvestd hours; 
But voice of screaming shot and bursting shell, 
Thy deep damnation and thy doom foretell. 
The fire has left a swamp of broken walls, 
"Where night-hags revel in thy ruined halls. 

Y. 

Oh, vain thy boast, proud city, desolate ! 

Thy curses rest upon thy guilty head ! 
In folly's madness, thou didst desecrate 

Thy sacred vows, to holy Union wed. 



108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

And now behold the fruit of this thy sin : 
Thy courts without o'errun, defiled within ; 
Gross darkness brooks upon thy holy place ; 
Forsaken all, thy pride in deep disgrace. 

VI. 

"Wail, city of the proud palmetto-tree 1 

Thy figs and vines shall bloom for thee no more 1 
Thou scorn'dst the hand of God, that made thee free, 

In driving freemen from their native shore. 
Thy rivers still seek peacefully the sea, 
Yet bear no wealth on them, no joy for thee. 
Thy isles look out and bask beneath the sun, 
But silence reigns — their Sabbath is begun! 

VII. 

Blood! blood is on thy skirts, city doomed 1 

The cry of vengeance hath begirt thee round; 
Ilere, where the citron and the orange bloomed, 
God's curse rests on the half-forsaken ground I 
Thy treason, passion-nursed, is overgrown — 
Thy cup of wrath is full, is overflown. 
Repent, for God can yet a remnant save, 
But traitors and their deeds shall find the grave 1 

Hospital, Charleston, S. C, Sept. 25, 1864. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 169 



CHAPTER XI. 

REMOVAL TO COLUMBIA. 

Eaelt on the morning of October fifth, 1864, 
Captain Mobly of the Thirty-second Georgia Volun- 
teers gave ns notice to prepare to remove to Colum- 
bia, the capital. In an hour's time we were securely 
packed in cattle-cars, ready for a start. These 
cattle-cars deserve a little notice. They were not 
exclusively cattle-cars, but were used to convey 
Union prisoners as well. One day they would be 
loaded with cattle, which did not tend to improve 
their sanitary condition- to any great extent ; the 
next day — without any policing — they would be 
filled with barrels of sorghum molasses, a few of 
which would be smashed ; and the next day fifty or 
sixty Yankees would be crowded into each of them, 
to be jumbled over a southern railroad a hundred 
miles or more. 

Ye who pursue pleasure in splendid coaches along 
our northern railroads, think of this, and estimate 
the luxury of a trip from Charleston to Columbia 
under such circumstances. Our guard was the 
Thirty- second Georgia Volunteers, to whom too 
much credit cannot be given for their uniform kind- 
ness and courtesy. 

The Georgia troops seemed to be by far the most 



170 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

civil and gentlemanly of the southern array. They 
were the most respectable in appearance, most in- 
telligent and liberal in conversation, and most fully 
recognized the principle that a man is a man under 
whatever circumstances he may be placed, and is 
entitled to humane treatment. They very generally 
addressed the prisoners as "gentlemen." 

It is refreshing to find occasion to notice some- 
thing commendable in those who were so almost uni- 
versally tyrannical and cruel. 

Onr journey was marked with no features of 
peculiar interest, as the country through which we 
passed was a barren and sandy tract, with no vegeta- 
tion to meet the weary eye, save occasionally a small 
patch of cotton, and sometimes sugar-cane growing 
by the roadside. 

"We were about fourteen hours on the way, and 
arrived at Columbia, in the midst of a terrific rain- 
storm, without food, blankets, or a necessary amount 
of clothing. We were compelled to vacate onr 
quarters in the cars, and take up with such as were 
provided us by the Confederate officers in command, 
to wit : none at all. 

We were closely guarded, and one of our number, 
Lieutenant H. L. Clark, Second Massachusetts Artil- 
lery, received a serious wound in the back by a 
bayonet in the hands of one of the sentinels, for at- 
tempting to take a small loaf of bread offered him by 
a sympathizing citizen. 

We remained in an open field on " Bridge street " 
during the night, suffering from hunger, without 
blankets, tents, or any conveniences for comfort, at 



AND THE ESCAPE. 171 

the mercy of the elements, with four pieces of artil- 
lery trained upon the ground which we occupied. 

It was just before this that Alexander H. Ste- 
phens, their Yice-President, inaugurated his peace 
movement, and the Rebels expressed great anxiety 
for a knowledge of the result. They were auxious 
for peace, and hoped the movement would terminate 
in a settlement of their difficulties on a basis satis- 
factory to the interests of the southern people. Ever 
loud-mouthed and boastful, they still had misgivings 
as to the result, and eagerly caught at any prospect 
of a settlement, 

COLUMBIA. 

This capital city of the first State to raise the 
dark hand of treason against the American Union, 
has a population of from twenty to thirty thousand 
inhabitants, and is one of the finest in the South. It 
is handsomely situated on the Congaree river, one 
hundred and twenty-five miles from the sea, covering 
a gentle slope of ground which overlooks the sur- 
rounding country for a distance of from twenty to 
thirty miles, and it is equidistant from Charleston 
and Wilmington, North Carolina, on the line of the 
South- Carol in a Central Railroad. 

It is regularly laid out, its streets crossing each 
other at right angles ; some are wide and planted with 
handsome trees, among which are found the Palmetto, 
which is familiar to all, as it was represented upon 
the first flag raised as a signal of war in opposition to 
the laws of our country. 

Except in the busy, commercial parts of the town, 
the houses are surrounded with gardens, crowded 



1*72 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

with shrubs and flowers of all kinds ; each establish- 
ment being generally encircled with hedges of haw- 
thorn, interspersed with a luxuriant growth of roses. 

The dwellings, which stand amid those beautiful 
pleasure-grounds, are built of many different forms. 
Those of wood are usually painted white. 

To the Southerner, this lovely place, during the 
war, has been one of perfect safety. It being the 
farthest of any from the lines of our advancing 
armies, and free from attack by our ever-watchful 
navy, many have flocked here from all parts of the 
Confederacy, where they might be beyond the reach 
of the dread sounds of war. 

The Confederate government, influenced by the 
thought of impending danger, moved its treasury 
from the city of Richmond to this place, fearing that 
the Union army might make an inroad into its capital, 
and destroy its worthless currency. 

The public buildings are of magnificent structure. 
The Capitol, or State House, occupies a commanding 
position near the entrance of the town. The grounds 
adjoining are adorned with beautiful walks and 
avenues. 

The military academy, court house, and its church 
edifices are built in splendid style. "With all the 
beauty and magnificence combined to make these 
buildings grand to look upon, there yet remains con- 
nected with their history the memory of the dark 
deeds perpetrated within their walls, which resulted 
in the secession of the Palmetto State from our great 
and glorious Union. Here it was that the first steps 
were taken, which placed South Carolina foremost in 



AND THE ESCAPE. 173 

the ranks of those States which afterwards adopted 
the ordinance of secession. 

Although cooperation had been urged by many 
leading men of the South, among whom were Mr. 
Rhett, long conspicuous in the councils of the State, 
and Mr. Trenholm, afterwards a member of the Con- 
federate cabinet, yet the fiery devotees of slavery 
forced their opinions,' and controlled the public feel- 
ing, until a convention was called, which met on the 
twentieth of December, 1860, when South Carolina 
launched forth upon a sea, above whose tranquil 
bosom brooded a pent-up storm, dark and tremen- 
dous, which, when it burst forth from its deathly 
silence, drenched her soil with the blood of her own 
sons, and scathed and blackened her as with fire from 
heaven, carried all away who had embarked upon its 
alluring surface, and dashed in one final wreck the 
frail structure upon which this unrighteous and unjust 
government was to have been formed. 

She entered upon a struggle which has devastated 
her lovely fields and finest cities, depopulated many 
of her most flourishing towns, and reduced her in- 
habitants to poverty, degradation, and despair. 

By this deed, thousands of America's honored 
sons, while battling nobly for the maintenance of 
right, have been sacrificed — making the fields of the 
South run red with blood. 

But it has terminated in the complete overthrow 
of the foundation upon which these southern leaders 
attempted to rear their government, and in the de- 
struction of that evil which had so long stained our 
nation's honor. Oh, Columbia! the pride of the 



174 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

South, thou hast passed through the fierce and bloody 
struggle without sharing in the general ruin which 
follows the footsteps of war. Although many of 
your hearth-stones have been made desolate, your 
beauty and magnificence yet remain. 

May your people profit by the sad lot of other 
cities, and no longer invite destruction by fanning 
the flames of treason, and urging its cruel champions 
onward. 

As soon as the storm had abated, which raged 
violently from the time we reached Columbia, corn- 
meal and sorghum molasses were issued to us in small 
quantities, and then we were moved from our camp 
on Bridge street to the south side of the Congaree, 
about two miles from the city, and, like Nebuchad- 
nezzar of old, turned out to grass. 

Sorghum cane grows in large quantities in South 
Carolina, and from it a kind of molasses is made 
which entirely outdoes the blackest and dirtiest cane 
sirup. Corn-meal cakes and sorghum molasses will 
act as a cathartic on the strongest stomach, and 
to one already afflicted with chronic diarrhoea they 
were about as nourishing as a steady diet of epsom 
salts. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 175 



CHAPTEK XII. 

COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA " CAMP SORGHUM." 

An attempt was made yesterday by the authorities 
to persuade us to take our paroles, in order that we 
might enjoy the privileges of an open field. We 
were threatened with confinement in some old tobacco 
houses, in case we did not comply with their wishes ; 
but we sternly refused to accept their base proposi- 
tion, and utterly disregarded their threats, knowing 
that our condition could be made no worse by the 
change. 

It may seem strange to some that these paroles 
were not accepted. Our reasons for not accepting 
them were these : 1st. They prevented our escaping, 
and this was the thought nearest our hearts. 2d. "We 
thought the punishment threatened rather more en- 
durable than our condition when not under punish- 
ment. 

They stated that they would confine us in some 
old tobacco houses, if we did not comply. Now, we 
considered confinement in any kind of a building 
more desirable than lying on the ground, without 
covering, during the damp chilly nights, exposed to 
the wind and storm. 

For some reason unknown to us, we were not re- 
moved from this place into the tobacco houses, but a 



176 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

guard and " dead-line " were established ; and in the 
open field, with no covering save the broad canopy 
of heaven, our band, numbering upwards of fifteen 
hundred men, was obliged to remain. 

After many unsuccessful attempts to get a news- 
paper, I at last, by bribing one of our guards, 
secured a copy of the " South Carolinian," a weekly 
sheet published in the city, from which I learned 
the position of the Union army under the gallant 
Sherman. 

, A DAY OF JOY. 

October 8. — This day was one of joy and thanks- 
giving. Our hearts were made glad, and our hopes 
brighter, by the receipt of clothing, and many other 
articles of comfort, sent to us from the North by that 
ever-beneficent organization, the Sanitary Commis- 
sion. 

Those of our number who were the most needy 
were supplied with such articles as the authorities 
saw fit to allow them, which to some degree alle- 
viated their sufferings, and made life somewhat 
sweeter. It was my happy lot to get a towel and 
an undershirt. The last-mentioned article was of 
great value to me, as more than three months had 
passed since I had had a change. Notwithstanding 
the distribution of clothing, many were without 
shoes, stockings, shirts, and coats — dying by inches 
for want of some protection from the inclement 
weather. 

October 16. — Our Prison Pen had been remarka- 
bly quiet for six or eight days, nothing having 
transpired among the prisoners to cause any ex- 



AND THE ESCAPE. l^f 

citement, and we were fast falling into a state of 
despondency, when, in view of the approaching 
presidential election, it was suggested that we vote 
upon the subject ourselves. The idea was approved 
by most of our number, as it was also by the Rebels ; 
for they wished to get an expression of the prevail- 
ing sentiment among us, that they might the better 
judge of the feeling that pervaded the people of 
the North. There were men among us from every 
State in the Union, and they naturally inferred that 
a vote in our camp would be an index of the vote 
at the North. Accordingly they urged the thing 
on, and promised to publish the result in the city 
papers, — though when they saw what the conclusion 
was, they hastily changed their minds, and no men- 
tion was made of our experimental election. 

Many warm and even violent discussions had 
taken place for a number of days among the prison- 
ers, and political spirit ran so high that they could 
not wait till election day. The vote was taken by 
States at the quarters of the senior officer of each 
State, and the results sent in to the general office. 
Written ballots were used, which were handed to the 
officer, and by him deposited in an old meal-bag, 
which served as a ballot-box. A bulletin-board and 
telegraph-office were established, and sham telegrams 
were published from the different States. 

I cast my vote for Abraham Lincoln, as did my 
messmates, Hampton and Richardson, deeply regret- 
ting that it was my misfortune to be denied the privi- 
lege of doing; so where it might be of some service. At 
six o'clock p. m. the counting was finished, the result 



178 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

being ten hundred and twenty-four votes for Lincoln, 
and one hundred and forty-three for McClellan. 

This was the expression of feeling and opinion 
among men who had been deprived of all the com- 
mon comforts of life, half starved, with nothing but 
dirty rags hanging to their emaciated limbs to protect 
their bodies from the cold, wasting away by hunger 
and exposure, yet would not favor a peace degrading 
to their country's honor. 

Cheer upon cheer arose from the prisoners 
and resounded through our prison yard, upon the 
announcement, making the McClellanites, who had 
been very confident of the success of their candidate, 
look crest-fallen and disappointed. 

The Confederates understood the significance of 
the re-election of Mr. Lincoln full well. They 
knew it would be impossible to free themselves from 
the serpent into whose coils they had been drawn ; 
but that they must fight for a cause that originated 
in sin, that was nurtured in iniquity, and that must 
perish in infamy and disgrace. 

The Rebel officers had continually misrepresented 
the Federal administration to the prisoners ; and as we 
had no means by which to refute the arguments of these 
wily secessionists, except the firm confidence in our 
government, our souls were filled with joy and glad- 
ness by this favorable result of our impromptu election. 

" The song of war shall echo through the mountains 
Till not one hateful lick remains 
Of slavery's lingering chains ; 
Till not one tyrant treads our plains, 
Nor traitor lips pollute our fountains." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 179 

October 18. — Our camp was to-day thrown into 
a state of wild excitement, owing to the escape of 
three prisoners, who ran the guard and made towards 
" God's country." Several shots were fired at them 
as they passed the outer line, but without doing 
them any injury, and they passed out in safety. 
The entire guard was aroused. The men flew to 
arms, the artillerymen to their guns. The Rebel 
officers, calling loudly to the guard to fall in, could 
be distinctly heard at my quarters, making me 
tremble for the fate of the brave men who, risking 
life, were trying to make their escape from this den 
of misery. After the occurrence of this affair, our 
guard was doubled, and orders given to the senti- 
nels, to shoot down every prisoner who should in 
any manner approach the " dead-line." This action 
on the part of the Confederates did not, however, 
intimidate us in the least ; for we well knew, if com- 
pelled to remain there, in the condition we were 
then in, that death would surely overtake us ; and to 
die in the attempt to free ourselves from the grasp of 
heartless tyrants would be no worse than starvation. 

My plan for escape wa8 not in the least discon- 
certed by this movement of the Rebels ; on the con- 
trary, my determination to be free was more fixed in 
my mind, and I continued the preparations for a 
leave-taking of Columbia and the hated Prison Pen, 
" Camp Sorghum." 

After two days had passed^ and no tidings were 
received from our friends, we began to feel that they 
must have escaped the vigilance of Rebel search. 
There was general rejoicing at their escape, and we 



180 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

worked ourselves into a state of feverish excitement 
over their success in passing the " dead-line." Our 
physical debility rendered us more intensely suscepti- 
ble to excitement, and yet there is something about 
watching the progress of an escape from prison that 
will excite the most unimpassioned. 

We looked upon their success as an index of what 
our own might be, should we make a similar attempt. 
And beside this, I trust we had higher motives to 
awaken interest. Although often reprehensibly self- 
ish in matters that did not materially affect their 
lives and safety, our soldiers could still rejoice as 
thoroughly at the successful escape of a fellow-pris- 
oner as though the good fortune had been their own. 
Many prayers were offered that a kind Providence 
would guide them safely through darkness and doubt 
to the Federal lines, and the most enthusiastic ex- 
pressions of joy were manifested by all who had 
strength to rejoice. 

The jubilation was undoubtedly somewhat quick- 
ened by the satisfaction it afforded us to know that 
the Rebel guards had been out-witted, and that 
Yankees could make their way through the heart of 
the Confederacy without being recaptured. 

But our gratulations were brought to a melan- 
choly sequel. It seemed that for every prisoner who 
escaped to safety, some comrade must be sacrificed of 
those who remained. There came, in the midst of our 
rejoicings, the sad and whispered intelligence, a pris- 
oner shot. 

Lieutenant Young, of the Fourth Pennsylvania 
Cavalry, was shot down in cold blood, by one of the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 181 

sentinels, while conversing with some fellow-officers, 
near a small fire. He only survived the shot a few 
moments. This occurred about ten o'clock on the 
evening of October twentieth. 

No reason for this atrocity was apparent, and none 
was offered by our guards. It was another added to 
the already long list of cruel, heartless murders per- 
petrated in southern prisons. We were overcome 
with grief at the report, for Lieutenant Young was a 
brave man, a fine officer, a pleasant companion, and 
withal, had for a long time been a suffering friend. 

Thus another noble spirit was ushered into the 
presence of its Maker, sent thither by the brutal hand 
of a murderer. 

Were they men, and suffer such conduct? had 
they been taught the principles of love and justice, 
which are given to all in the great Book of Books ? 
had they any sense of humanity in their bosoms? 
!No, the foul fiend of darkness possessed and influ- 
enced their thoughts. ISTot satisfied with depriving 
men of the necessary food to sustain life, they shot 
down our defenceless comrades like dogs, without a 
shudder at the heinousness of the crime. 

How long, oh God ! how long will such fearful 
atrocities be allowed ? 

LONG LITE THE DUTCHMAN. 
A German captain was sent by the authorities, 
not long since, to take command of the prison. He 
was a pompous individual, and did things generally 
on the " spread-eagle " style. 

As soon as he arrived, we were ordered into line 
to listen to a speech from the new commandant. 
8 



182 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Everything was conducted with accurate regard to 
military precision, and just at the right moment our 
Teutonic orator stepped forward, and delivered the 
following oration : — 

" Shentlemens, — I comes to take command of you. 
I've been a brisoner mein selif. Your peoples treats 
me like shentlemens, — I treats you like shentlemens. 
Break ranks ! March ! ! " 

There was a general burst of laughter among the 
prisoners, and cries of " Long live the Dutchman." 
A few days after he got drunk and was removed, and 
thus our hopes of making game of the Dutchman 
came to an unseemly end. 

From the time we left Charleston the weather had 
been exceedingly cold and disagreeable, and no 
tongue can tell or pen describe the sufferings of the 
brave men confined there. The want of clothing 
made their bodies more susceptible to cold, and many 
were dying daily of diseases contracted from exposure 
to the sun and storm, and from a constant diet of 
coarse and unwholesome food. 

THOUGHTS OF HOME. 

Under such circumstances it was our custom to lie 
down after taking our night's meal, not to sleep, but 
to talk over the incidents of our boyhood days, and 
the events of our lives. Thoughts of home, and the 
friends gathered around loved firesides, came crowd- 
ing upon us ; memory dwelt with clinging interest on 
scenes that might never be repeated ; imagination 
feasted herself on pictures that might never prove a 
reality, and thus the long night was wearied through 
until the stars were growing dim in the light of ap- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 183 

proaching day, when we sought that rest which our 
exhausted systems so much needed. 

There were but few persons among us who had 
ever been compelled to suffer such privations and 
hardships. Most of them, before entering the army, 
had been clerks behind the counter, students at 
school, or well-to-do mechanics. Some were soldiers 
by profession, and many were sons of wealthy men, 
who had never known anything but pleasure, and 
had always taken life easy. But all, through the 
common impulses of their natures, and the patriotism 
ever burning in the loyal American heart, had offered 
their services to their bleeding and distracted country, 
to assist in subduing the element of discontent at. the 
South, and the foulest and most unwarrantable rebel- 
lion against just and proper authority, ever known 
within the annals of time. 

As to their fate, many were thoughtless and indif- 
ferent, some were distrustful of our Government and 
its intentions to liberate them ; but few were without 
hope of approaching succor, and depending upon the 
mercies of an all-wise and overruling Providence, we 
made the best of our miserable condition. 

I did not intend to remain in " durance vile " a great 
while longer ; but upon the first favorable opportu- 
nity to take my flight, with some one or two of my 
friends, if they chose to go with me ; if not, I should 
make the effort alone. I did not think any of my 
companions would refuse an offer to accompany me, if 
I should propose a plan which presented any chances 
of success. I kept my own counsel, however, and 
when the time should arrive, I would cautiously make 



184 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

my intentions known to those I wished to have accom- 
pany me, and then set out together. As the days 
came and went, our sufferings increased. 

The season being far advanced, the cold night air 
chilled us through, and the stars, from their lofty sta- 
tions in the heavens shone upon us clear and cold, 
while the moon reflected its pale, silvery light upon 
our palid faces, making us look doubly haggard and 
ghost-like. 

TAKING PAROLES. 

The prison authorities adopted a rule of allowing 
a certain number each day to pass outside the prison 
limits, for the purpose of backing in such quantities 
of wood as we could carry. This privilege was grant- 
ed to such as would give their paroles not to attempt 
an escape. 

The following was the nature of the parole issued : 

Confederate States Military Prison, ) 
Columbia, S. C, October — , 1864. ) 
I, , prisoner of war, confined near the'city of Colum- 
bia, S. 0., Confederate States of America, do pledge my parole, 
as a military man, and a man of honor, that I will not attempt to 
escape from the prison authorities, nor pass beyond the prison 
limits more than three quarters of a mile, and that at the expi- 
ration of the time named in the parole, I will return promptly 
to the adjutant's office and have the same revoked. 

It is understood by me that this parole is voluntary on my 
part, and that it is given with a view to securing privileges 
which cannot otherwise be obtained. 

(Signed) - — . 

Many accepted the offer, and went out to bring in 
what they could pick up in the shape of dry twigs, 
broken branches of trees and bark. It was a sad 



AND THE ESCAPE, 1 85 

sight to see us filing along under guard, picking up 
what we could cany, and returning with our loads 
upon our backs. 

Some of the men were so weak that they became 
as helpless as a child, and had to be carried back to 
camp in a state of utter exhaustion and insensibility. 
In trying to help themselves, they overtaxed their 
remaining strength, which brought on fevers and 
delirium, from the effects of which many died. 

I profited, however, by the arrangement ; for not 
only a sufficient quantity of wood was procured to 
last me and my mess two days, but in carefully exam- 
ining the plan of our pen, and the system by which it 
was guarded, I obtained and added to my small store 
of knowledge much valuable information concerning: 
the surrounding country. All of which, at some future 
day, then not far distant, would be made serviceable. 

I was not by any means the only one to profit by 
these explorations. Others, as much on the alert as 
myself for adventure, conceived plans whereby they 
effected an escape ; but unfortunately, after a few days 
had passed, were generally recaptured and thrown 
into county jails. 

They had the satisfaction, during their absence, of 
getting some corn-bread and bacon of the faithful ne- 
groes, out of which they could make at least a few 
good meals ; and this alone was enough to compen- 
sate for the attempt. 

Every soldier knows that the times when he suc- 
ceeded in getting "good square meals," as they were 
called, were epochs in his military history, — so much 
are men the slaves of their wants. 



186 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

My old shoes being badly worn, I took them to 
the " camp cobbler " to be repaired. He gave me 
no encouragement, but said they were past redemp- 
tion, and could not be improved. 

How could I travel barefoot through the hot buru- 
ing sand of the highway, the stone-covered fields, or 
the deary swamps ? I must have some covering for 
my feet, and at once set about preparing something 
myself. 

By dint of good luck, I obtained the rim of an 
old worn-out regulation hat, from which I cut some 
inner soles, and by tying the outer sole to the uppers 
with a piece of cord, made them appear no worse, 
and added largely to their worth and durability ; thus 
my feet were protected from the heat and cold. 

In making an escape it is absolutely necessary 
that there be suitable protection for the feet, and even 
under the most destitute circumstances all such con- 
tingencies had to be provided for. 

During the last two weeks of my stay at Colum- 
bia the nights had become so cold that we did not 
think of lying down, but would walk around the 
camp for the purpose of keeping the blood in circu- 
lation to prevent chilling. 

When the sun rose in the morning, and not till 
then, would we stretch ourselves on the ground to 
sleep, the heat from its rays warming us and keeping 
us warmed while locked in the arms of Morpheus. 
We literally turned night into day and day into 
night. Those who have lived in northern latitudes 
know how disagreeable it is to be so situated as to be 
obliged to exercise continually in order to keep from 



AND THE ESCAPE. 187 

chilling. It may be endurable for a few hours, 
but one after a time becomes weary of it. But 
our lack of clothing was such that we had to be on 
the alert during the whole night, — and that night 
after night. 

November 8, 1864. — This eventful day was one of 
intense excitement and anxiety with us, as it was to 
decide who should be our chief magistrate for the 
next four years. We felt satisfied that the election 
would result in retaining Mr. Lincoln, our then re- 
spected President, in the chair which for the past 
four years he had filled with so much credit to him- 
self and honor to the nation ; and yet an almost 
certain election has its excitement, and the certainty 
cannot be an absolute certainty until the last vote is 
cast. We would rather have known the result than 
believed it. 

EXCHANGE RUMORS. 

We were also notified by the prison authorities 
that a general exchange of prisoners would take 
place on the twentieth. Captain Hatch, the Rebel 
commissioner of exchange, was there ; and it was ru- 
mored about camp that a large portion of our num- 
ber would be taken to Savannah immediately, causing 
great excitement. The " fresh fish," especially, were 
in excellent humor over what they styled glorious 
good news. The old prisoners were not inclined, 
however, to be very jubilant over the announcement, 
as they had many times before been duped and de- 
ceived by the practical infamy of the Confederates. 
And it was very well that we put no faith in such 
loose reports, for at this time, as on many other occa- 



188 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

sions when such rumors were circulated, nothing 
official had been received. 

" Hope comes ngain to the heart, long a stranger ; 
Once more she sings me her flattering strain ; 
But hush, gentle siren ! for, ah ! there's less danger 
Iu still suffering on than in hoping again." 

The Rebels always took advantage of the natural 
despondency following so much excitement, to en- 
deavor to persuade the prisoners to believe that our 
government cared nothing for our sufferings, and 
would use every other means at their command to 
cause us to lose confidence in the Federal author- 
ities and the commanding officers of our army. 
They miserably failed, however, in their endeavors to 
extinguish the fire of patriotism burning in our 
bosoms, by such contemptible misrepresentations, and 
only added to the bitter hate in which we looked 
upon these vile traitors and inhuman wretches who 
guarded and starved us. 

CAUGHT BY HOUNDS. 

Many of the recently escaped prisoners were 
brought back to us about these times, most of whom 
were caught by hounds. Lieutenant Parker was so 
lacerated that he died the next day after his capture. 
On the fourth inst., Lieutenant J. Clement, of the 
Fifteenth Kentucky Cavalry, was captured by a 
Rebel living but a short distance from Chapel's 
Ferry, South Carolina. After he had surrendered 
the dogs were let loose on him ; and thus he was so 
seriously injured as to be disabled for a long time. 

I should have made my escape on the fourth, had 



I' ■■ ^ ^wTii^is, 




o 



AND THE ESCAPE. 191 

not my health been so delicate that I could not have 
walked out of camp, even had the road been clear. 
I had been suffering very much from camp diseases, 
and was so weak as to be unable to walk without the 
aid of a friend, 

Near the twelfth of November rumors reached us 
that General Sherman had left Atlanta, and was 
moving through Georgia in three columns. It was 
currently reported that he would occupy Augusta, 
Macon, and Savannah. The "great general's " move- 
ments were but little understood by the Rebels ; they 
were considerably alarmed, and began concentrating 
their forces at Augusta. 

DRAWING MEAT RATIONS. 

About this time quite an amusing scene enlivened 
our camp. An old wild hog chanced to pass the 
guard line ; and as soon as he came within range of 
the prisoners, a general advance was made and he was 
ours. But a few moments elapsed after his entrance 
among us before no traces of his carcass could be 
found. From four to five hundred half-starved men 
gave him a most hearty welcome. "He was a 
stranger and they took him in," in more senses than 
one. One seized a leg, another an ear, and another 
his tail ; and as many as his dusky exterior would 
accommodate twisted their skinny fingers into his 
long, arrowy bristles, and closed their hands and eyes 
and teeth as if for a death-struggle. There was 
tumbling and tripping and pushing and yelling and 
swearing, while the Rebel guards, at a " parade rest," 
were laughing heartily at the ridiculous scene. 



192 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Every man clung to the part lie first seized, and 
that part was to be his portion. Richardson was the 
first to seize a hind leg, and this leg he clung to 
through all the melee like grim death to his victim, 
and did not relinquish his hold until it was cut off 
and securely lodged in the mess kettle for supper. 

Our guest was not " the fattest hog in Epicurus' 
sty," but we were in no condition to make a point of 
quality, and thankfully struggled for steaks that 
" would not fry themselves." 

This was the first and only ration of meat issued 
to us while at Columbia, and this — no thanks to the 
Rebels — very foolishly issued itself. 

It would have been useless for the prison authori- 
ties to try to deprive us of this well-earned booty, for 
in less than five minutes after the first salute it would 
have been impossible to find enough of the grunting 
porker to grease a skillet. 

" When the black hog was seen on a run through the camp 

Each soldier forgot his starvation and cramp ; — 

The grunts of the hog and his running were vain — 

His form will ne'er darken that camp-ground again." 

The Wandering Poet of New Hampshire. 

Sherman's march to the sea. 
A few days confirmed the rumors that had been 
floating with regard to Sherman's movements. It 
came to be generally understood that he was march- 
ing on Augusta, Macon, and Savannah. These re- 
ports had the usual effects — of depressing the Rebels, 
and inspiring the prisoners with hope. Many at- 
tempts to escape were made at this time — with vary- 
ing success. Several shots were fired into the pen by 



AND THE ESCAPE. 193 

the sentinels, and one prisoner had his arm blown off 
in an attempt to run the guard. 

On the twenty third, Lieutenant George R. Barse, 
Fifth Michigan Cavalry, of whom previous mention 
has been made, escaped by strategy while the prisoners 
were passing out on parole after wood. The officer 
of the guard had taken position without the guard- 
line, where he had a battalion of men in readiness to 
send to the woods with the paroled prisoners, allow- 
ing several to go at a time, and proportioning the 
number of guards to the size of the squad. As each 
party arrives near the " dead-line,' 1 one of the number 
manifests a desire to pass out, at the same time ex- 
hibiting a paper with signatures attached to a writ- 
ten parole. The officer of the guard then beckons to 
the sentinel to permit them to cross the line, when he 
takes their paroles and hands them to one of a certain 
number of armed men, who are detailed to act as 
their escort. Barse followed a squad that observed 
all this necessary formality ; but the officer and guard 
were none too bright ; and Lieutenant Barse went on, 
rejoicing no doubt at his good fortune, until he 
reached the woods, when he claimed that he was a 
hospital steward, and had nothing to do with the 
men, whom he had only chanced to walk out of camp 
with. Luckily, there was no one present to contra- 
dict his assertion, and, without further ceremony, he 
marched off at his pleasure. 

Great excitement prevailed just now over Sher- 
man's terrific march through Georgia, which was just 
beginning to develop itself. The Legislature removed 
to Macon, and Governor Brown issued a proclama- 



194 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

tion ordering to the front every man capable of bear- 
ing arms. 

THANKSGIVING DAY 

Brought us much to be thankful for, to be sure, but 
little heart to enter into the celebration of such a day. 
There was great suffering in camp on account of the 
severity of the weather. We had heavy frosts fre- 
quently, and many, having no blankets, were obliged 
to find warmth in exercise. Hampton, Richardson, 
and myself, possessed a small blanket each, but with 
even these it was almost impossible to keep from 
freezing. We sleep in the middle by turns, and this 
privilege with us is a matter of the gravest import- 
ance. So unpardonable was the offence of attempt- 
ing to deprive one of his equal rights in this respect, 
that many quarrels originated from no other cause. 
In a case involving so much interest we did not trust 
to memory, but, on turning out in the morning, 
marked upon the ground the name of the individual 
who was to have the choice of position at night. 
This method was not resorted to until we found it to 
be our only safe-guard against disputes. The one 
who slept in the middle was usually quite comfort- 
able, although his sphere of operations was rather 
limited, for those on the outside naturally inclined to 
crawl away from the chilly flanks towards the centre. 
In this way we could get some sleep one night in 
three, if not drowned out by a rain storm. 

MUD BURROWS. 

After waiting our turn for more than three weeks, 
we at last succeeded in securing an old shovel, with 



AND THE ESCAPE. 195 

which we dug a cave in the ground large enough to 
crawl into at night, and during storms. 

There seemed no prospect of a general exchange, 
and the prisoners were determined to make the best 
of their miserable situation. So far as I was con- 
cerned, it was not my intention to spend a single 
night in this bear's den, if possible to effect an escape; 
and yet we always thought it worth our while to be 
prepared for the worst. 

The greater part of the twenty-fifth was spent in 
digging, and we accomplished as much during the 
"long, weary day," as a first-class ditcher might have 
done in an hour. I became tired of it, and fully re- 
solved to make my escape on the twenty-sixth. Saw 
friend Lemon, and proposed to him a plan by which 
we could relieve " Camp Sorghum " from any further 
care of our persons. We could not think of being 
longer dependent on the bounty of our enemies, and 
determined to strive for some advantage of situation 
which would enable us to return their compliments. 

PLAN OF ESCAPE. 

It was customary to extend the guard-line in the 
morning, for the purpose of allowing the prisoners 
to pick up wood on a piece of timbered land just 
opposite camp ; and it was our intention to take a 
shovel, when permitted to pass to the woods, and 
make a hole in the ground large enough to receive 
our two skeletons, and have our friends cover us 
with brush and leaves. Thus concealed, we hoped to 
be left without camp when the guard should be with- 
drawn. Should we succeed in escaping the vigilance 



196 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

of the sentinels, it was our purpose to strike for 
Augusta, Georgia, feeling assured that General Sher- 
man would soon occupy that place. Many preferred to 
strike for Knoxville, Tennessee, considering that the 
safer, though it was much the longer route to our 
lines. Our course would incur more risk, but the 
sooner bring us within the Federal camp. Indulging 
these expectations, we lay down to rest. 

On the morning of the twenty-sixth Hampton and 
Richardson asked if we should continue work on our 
" mud burrow." I replied that I should dig no more 
holes in South Carolina ; that they need make no ar- 
rangements in their mud house for me, as I did not 
propose to have any futher use for subterranean cav- 
erns. They looked at each other with a knowing 
smile, doubtless thinking a temporary disgust had 
come over me, which would soon wear away, and I 
would again return to my quarters. Under the cir- 
cumstances, I am disposed to pardon them. 

Lemon and myself kept a careful lookout, anx- 
iously waiting for the guard to be extended out into the 
woods. But the morning was cold and rainy, and 
the guard not caring to leave their snug tents along 
the line of the encampment, we were left without 
fires. 

Thus our hopes were again blasted, and nothing 
was left us but to make a bold strike, and pass the 
guards by a plentiful exhibition of " brass." How 
this was accomplished will be set forth in the next 
chapter. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 197 



CHAPTEE XIII. 

THE ESCAPE FROM COLUMBIA.* 

gust §nv. 

Lexington Court House Road, near Columbia, S. C, ) 
Saturday, November 26, 1864. ) 

"While taking a stroll through " Camp Sorghum " 
in the morning, for the purpose of finding a weak 
point in the guard-line, I observed one of the guards 
to be a stupid-looking fellow, and resolved to test his 
abilities before he should be relieved perhaps by one of 
brighter appearance. Accordingly I hastened in pur- 
suit of Lieutenant M. W. Lemon, of the Fourteenth 
New York Heavy Artillery, a man of courage and 
enterprise, with whom I had decided to escape. I only 
told him to meet me at a certain point, and be ready 
to leave the pen, in three minutes. 

No time was lost in packing, or checking our bag- 
gage to any given point ; and we also deemed it un- 
necessary to bid our friends good-by, or to thank the 
proprietors for hospitalities received. 

In an incredibly short time we were at the speci- 
fied place of departure, and soon were passing the 
" dead-line," as if that point possessed no further 

* Written during the escape, while in the swamps and cotton 
gins of South Carolina and Georgia, where we were often secret- 
ly fed by the ever-faithful negroes. 



108 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

terror or interest to us, when the aforementioned 
worthy brought his musket to hear upon me with an 
uncomfortable precision, at the same time ordering a 
halt. 

""Where are you going, Yanks? "he demanded; 
but with an air of oifended dignity, I only said, " Do 
you halt paroled prisoners here ? " His meek " No 
Sir," was not yet lost in the distance, when I boldly 
crossed the dreaded line, adding, " Then let the gen- 
tleman in the rear follow me ; " and so we passed, 
while the brilliant sentinel murmured, " All right." 

And right it was ; for now we were free, breathing 
the fresh air, untainted by the breath of hundreds of 
famishing, diseased, and dying men. 

Outside of the pen were numbers of paroled pris- 
oners gathering wood, and Rebel guards strolling 
about. We at once commenced discussing the most 
favorable locality for obtaining brush with which to 
cover our " mud-burrow," and thus conversing about 
our domestic affairs, it was not long before we were 
well into the woods, — the guards thinking, no doubt, 
if they thought at all, that we had a right to be out with 
the others on parole. Once well beyond the sight of 
gray-coated sentinels, we put our long untried strength 
to a test and placed a few miles between us and Camp 
Sorghum hurriedly. There was not very much of 
dignity in our departure, to be sure, — not to say grace 
or beauty, — and it may be that there was something a 
little suspicious in a certain looking over the shoulder, 
that might have been observed as we sloped through 
bushes and leaped over logs. Quite likely horse 
thieves, when thwarted in their purposes have propel- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 199 

led themselves from the scenes of their embarrass- 
ments in a manner not remarkably dissimilar. It may 
be that not very high-toned curs, in getting away from 
the back-doors of butcher shops would find it conven- 
ient to imitate us rather closely ; — and yet there was 
something in this style of locomotion that seemed 
peculiarly adapted to our circumstances, and we fell 
into it instinctively, as it were. 

We have never, as yet, to any great extent, had 
occasion to regret our haste and want of dignity. 

As soon as we had put sufficient distance between 
ourselves and the Prison Pen to make leisure more 
compatible with safety, we proceeded more slowly. 

The country, outside of cities and villages, at the 
South, is always so sparsely settled that, once on the 
road, and no hounds upon the track, one can read- 
ily find places of concealment. Of course, it was 
policy for a time to make ourselves comparatively 
scarce. We made a little progress, however, follow- 
ing ravines and concealed places, and always avoiding 
roads and openings. 

Several times we encountered white people, but 
succeeded in evading them. After sauntering along 
until about two o'clock, we lay down to rest a while, 
where we remained snugly concealed in thick bushes 
until twilight, and, though weary and heavy with 
sleep, we found but little repose, on account of the 
excitement of our situation. It seemed as though 
every crackling of twigs or rustling of leaves heralded 
the approach of pursuers, and the sighing of the 
breeze in the tall pines was the whistling for a pack 
of blood-hounds. 



200 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

With the fall of night we were up and doing, and 
soon struck the road leading to Lexington Court 
House. Following this for some little time we heard 
voices behind us, and slackened our pace to discover 
whether they were negroes or white men. It is some- 
times difficult to determine, as their manner of con- 
versation is precisely alike in many portions of the 
South. 

When they were within ten or fifteen feet of us, 
partly turning, I said, " A pleasant evening, gentle- 
men." 

This was intended to be equally applicable to both 
whites and negroes, but the answer was equally in- 
definite. One of them merely remarked, " Indeed it 
is," and said no more. 

We were rather led to believe they were white 
men, and so quickened our step and left them some- 
what behind. 

As the distance increased, their conversation com- 
menced again, and we heard one of them say, " I 
reckon dey's Yankees." Another replied, " I hope 
to God dey is." 

This satisfied us that they were negroes, and we 
turned round and met them. I asked, in a low 
voice, " Do you know who I am ? " 

" I reckon I dun no ye, Massa." 

" Have you ever seen a Yankee \ " 

" Lor' bless ye, Massa. I've seed right smart of a 
heap ob 'em down to Colmnby." 

"Do we look like Yankees % " 

" Can't very well tell in de night-time ; but I 
s'pect you talk like 'em." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 201 

""Well, my good fellow, we are Yankees, just 
escaped from Columbia. Can't you do something 
for us?" 

" Ob corse, I'll do all I can for you 'uns. I'se no 
nigger if I wouldn't 'sist de Yankees." 

Being satisfied that they were entirely trust- 
worthy, we unfolded our plans to them. There were 
three of them. They had been at Columbia, work- 
ing on a new prison stockade, which the Rebels were 
building for the reception of Federal prisoners. 
Judging, however, that Sherman's movements might 
make this labor useless, they had stopped work, and 
sent the negroes to their masters. These three fel- 
lows were the " property " of a Mr. Steadman, whose 
plantation is situated some twenty-live miles south- 
west of Columbia, on the road to Augusta. Thus we 
were traveling in the same direction. 

We stepped aside in the bushes to arrange a plan 
of procedure, and after discussion of the subject, one 
of their number, "Ben Steadman," agreed to become 

OUR GUIDE, 

while the other two were to travel by themselves. 
This proved a wise arrangement in the end, for the 
fact that there were only three of us together prob- 
ably saved us from recapture, and " Ben" from detec- 
tion and punishment. 

Our guide decided to leave the main road, and 
take a shorter cut to his master's plantation. It was 
arranged that " Ben " should walk in advance some 
little distance, and if he met any white men, give us 
warning by a peculiar kind of cough — while we, on 



202 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

the other hand, were to give him notice of danger in 
a similar manner. 

After a tramp of two or three hours we struck a 
" blind road," and, being assured by our guide that it 
was never frequented by white men after dark, disre- 
garded our first precaution, and walked carelessly 
along, chatting vigorously with "Ben" upon those 
subjects which most interested us. We had not pro- 
ceeded far, however, before we were reminded of the 
necessity of moving more cautiously. Our reminder 
was none other than 

A REBEL PICKET 

of eight men, a little to the left of the road. For- 
tunately for us but one of the number was awake. 
Supposing that we were negroes, he allowed us to 
approach until we were nearly opposite the picket 
before the challenge, " Who comes there ? " was 
given, and our guide answered, " Friends." Lemon 
and myself could not see that anything would be 
gained by a recapture, and so we fled down the road 
at the top of our speed. This was the first test of our 
fleetness since leaving the Prison Pen, and in justice 
to Lemon, I am compelled to confess myself badly 
beaten. I could not help saying, " Go in, Lemon," 
nor avoid a suppressed laugh while straining every 
nerve to overtake my rival in the race. 

Meanwhile " Ben " was making a good story of it, 
telling the picket that the other two darkies got 
scared and ran away, adding, " I dun no what makes 
dem niggers run so." 

His story being corroborated by those who had 
seen him leave the stockade with two other negroes, 



AND THE ESCAPE. 203 

lie was soon set at liberty, ready to do another good 
turn when called for. 

Expecting to be pursued, we soon concealed our- 
selves behind a log near the roadside. After a little 
a detachment of the picket passed by, escorting 
" Ben " to the reserve ; he, in the meantime, narrat- 
ing the adventures of the night, and denouncing 
" dem two 'cowardly niggers " in good round terms. 

After they had passed, we followed them cau- 
tiously in the deep sand, until they came to a squad 
of men sleeping and watching around a large fire. 
Not being able to flank them, on account of swamps 
which lay on either side of the road, we halted and 
slept near them till morning. 

While looking for a place of concealment, Lemon 
and myself became separated, and not daring to 
speak, crawled around nearly an hour before we 
found each other. We had eaten nothing save a 
small piece of corn-bread since leaving Columbia, 
and had not dared to present ourselves before any 
habitation; we hoped, however, to break our long 
fast as soon as possible. 

Isrcoub gag. 

Near Barnwell Court House, ) 
Sunday, November 27. ) 

Soon after daylight the picket, near which we had 
been sleeping, scattered in every direction, and went 
to their homes. They were not regular soldiers, but 
bushwhackers, who were on their plantations during 
the day, and met at night to patrol and picket the 
highways. 



204 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

This left the coast clear, and, breakfastless, we 
began to pick our way through the swamp which lay 
before us. Passing through it, we came into a roll- 
ing, wooded country, and pushed on, taking the road 
for a guide, but not daring to come nearer to it than 
about a quarter of a mile. We found nothing to eat 
but a few blueberries, not the best traveling diet in 
the world, but thankfully received under the circum- 
stances. About nine o'clock a. m. we crossed the 
road with a view to putting possible pursuers off the 
track. At eleven o'clock we came to a clearing, 
and made our way to a barn near by ; but seeing a 
planter standing by a fence across the field, we hastily 
retraced our steps and got into the woods again. 
Shortly after, we came to another open field, which 
we crossed successfully. 

About four o'clock in the afternoon we came to a 
large plantation, and approaching within thirty or 
forty rods of the building, we lay concealed in the 
bushes. Here we tried to attract the attention of 
negroes, but were unsuccessful. "While snugly en- 
sconced behind a large fallen tree, a white woman 
and several small children came riding down the road 
on a mule, and passed within a few feet of us ; but we 
hugged the ground closely, and were not observed. 

OUR MUTE GUIDE. 

"When night came, we cautiously crept on our way 
along the side of the road, and abont nine o'clock 
came to the junction of four roads, where we fortu- 
nately found a friend in an old guide-board. 

Jumping on my companion's shoulders, I was en- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 205 

abled by the light of the moon to read the direction 
and decide upon the course to be pursued. "We then 
pushed on our way at a rapid pace until about two 
o'clock a. m., when we lay down in the bushes near 
the roadside to sleep. 

Near Black Creek, S. C, ) 
Monday, November 28. ) 

We were awakened just before daybreak by the 
villainous barking of a dog, and found ourselves but 
a few rods from the plantation of Alexander Taylor. 
The dog had attracted the attention of the people 
towards our hiding-place, and as soon as a move was 
made, we were observed. Running, I knew, would be 
useless, as I could see the planter's wife looking at us. 

My companion preferred remaining at a safe dis- 
tance from his dogship, while I approached the ladies, 
who were already assembled near; and after learning 
there were no white men on the plantation, I frankly 
stated my case, and appealed to their sympathies for 
something to eat. They were at first unwilling to 
grant me any assistance. Mrs. Taylor said that her 
husband was in the Confederate army, that her heart 
was with the southern people, and further, that she 
thought it wrong for her to aid a Yankee in making 
his escape. I then addressed to her a brie'f speech, 
resembling, in many respects, the story of the old 
unfortunate hero Ulysses to the goddess Calypso, in 
which I recounted, in pitiful terms, my misfortunes, 
and my disappointment should I fail of reaching 
General Sherman's lines. 



206 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

I made no gestures, struck no attitudes, and used 
none of the enticements of rhetoric, but simply made 
a direct appeal to her benevolent feelings ; and this, 
aided by my forlorn and destitute condition, won her 
sympathies. The kind-hearted lady remarked that 
she " would see what could be done for us," and, 
going into the house, she returned with a generous 
supply of corn-bread, bacon, and sweet potatoes. 

After receiving a promise from the ladies that 
they would not betray us, I promised Mrs. Taylor 
that if ever her husband came into Yankee hands, and 
it was in my power, I would see that no harm befell 
him ; and this promise I would have kept, even at 
the expense of my own life. The rations were soon 
hurried into my haversack, and after again thanking 
my benefactress for her kindness, I returned to my 
companion, when we hastened off to a thicket in the 
forest, built a pine-knot fire, roasted our potatoes, 
and made a "royal breakfast." Oh, ye who sleep 
on beds of down, in your curtained chambers, and 
rise at your leisure to feast upon the good things 
provided, smile not when I say that you never knew 
the luxury of a night of rest, nor the sweets of a meal 
seasoned by hunger, with the grateful remembrance 
that it was provided by woman's kindly heart, 
which, wherever it may beat, sooner or later responds 
to the tale of misfortune, which, alas ! is too often 
told by suffering humanity. 

A bath in a stream near by, with the washing of 
our stockings, completed the toilet of the morning, 
and we were glad to seek rest, being weary, weak, 
and sore, the result of violent walking. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 207 

After resting all day, we roasted more potatoes at 
night, and putting our feet to the smoldering embers, 
again lay down to sleep. It was our purpose to 
awaken at eleven o'clock and pursue our journey, 
but we were so much exhausted by walking and ex- 
posure, that sleep entirely overpowered us, and the 
night was far spent before we again awoke. We 
were soon on our way, however, endeavoring to re- 
deem lost time. 



Near the Nortti Edisto River, S. C, 
Tuesdav. November '29. 



I 

We reached Black Creek this morning just before 
daybreak, and, while crossing the bridge over said 
stream, met a negro on his way to work, who 
gladly turned back and conducted us to a hut for 
safe-keeping during the day. 

This hut, familiarly known throughout the neigh- 
borhood as 

AUNT KATY'S, 

was the general rendezvous of all in want of assist- 
ance. The good old soul cheerfully roused lrom 
her morning slumbers, when she learned that Yan- 
kees were at the door awaiting her attention. We 
were welcomed with a hearty " God bless ye, Massa," 
and, while she made preparations for our '' creature 
comforts," a little boy was sent to ask in her dusky 
neighbors, that they might " rejoice with her " over 
the good fortune of having an opportunity to aid 
friends in escaping from a common enemy. In an 
incredibly short space of time the entire colored pop- 
ulation of the plantation were assembled. 



208 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

To exhibit their deep religious interest in our 
welfare, 

A PRAYER-MEETING 

was improvised for our especial benefit, and they 
conducted it in a manner both creditable to them- 
selves and amusing as well as interesting to us. The 
burden of their petitions was, that all the prisoners 
held by the Rebels might make a general exodus and 
reach the Yankee lines in safety ; that we, in par- 
ticular, might succeed in making our escape ; that 
our armies might speedily conquer the whole of 
Secessia, liberate the slaves, and take possession of 
the land. 

"uncle zeb's prayer" 

was perhaps the most characteristic, and once, heard, 
could never be forgotten. He appeared to be a ruling 
spirit in the party, and by common consent, led off as 
follows : 

" O Lor' God A'mighty ! we is your chil'en, and 
'spects you to hear us widout delay, — cause we all 
is in right smart ob a hurry. Dese yer gemmen has 
rund away from de seceshers and wants to git back 
to de Norf. Dey hasn't got time for to wait. Ef 
it is 'kording to de des'nation ob great Heben to 
help 'em, it '11 be 'bout necessary for de help to come 
right soon. 

" De hounds and cle Rebels is on dar track. 
Take de smell out ob de dog's noses, O Lor' ! and 
let 'Gypshun darkness come down ober de eyesights 
ob de Rebels. Conform' 'em, O Lor' ! dey is cruel, 
and makes haste to shed blood. Dey has long 
'pressed de black man, and groun' him in de dust. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 209 

and now I reck'n dey 'spects dat dey am agwine to 
serve de Yankees in de same way. 

" 'Sist dese gemmen in time ob trouble, and lift 
'em fru all danger on to de udder side ob Jordan dry- 
shod. 

" And raise de radiance ob your face on all de 
Yankees what's shut up in de Sonf. Send some 
Moses, O Lor' ! to guide 'em fru de Eed Sea ob 
'flicshun into de promised land. 

" Send Mr. Sherman's company, sweepin' down 
fru dese yer parts to scare de Rebels till dey flee like 
de Midians, and slew darselves to sabe dar lives. 

" Let a little de best ob Heben's best judgments 
res' on Massa Lincum, — and may de year ob Jub'lee 
come sure. 

" O Lor' ! bless de gin'rals ob de Norf— O Lor' ! 
bless de kunnels — O Lor' ! bless de brigerdeers — O 
Lor' ! bless de capt'ins — O Lor' ! bless de Yankees 
right smart. O Lor' ! Eberlastin'. Amen." 

This prayer, offered in a full and fervent voice, 
seemed to cover our case exactly, and we could join 
in the " Amen " with heartfelt devotion. We may 
never know how much negro prayers have aided the 
cause of the Union, and availed in behalf of our es- 
caping prisoners. Other prayers followed " Uncle 
Zeb's," and a " refreshing season " was the result. 

As faith without works amounts to nothing, their 
next step was to make arrangements for our future. 

It was now near daylight, and they advised that 
we remain within the hut during the day, assuring us 
that " no white folks nebber come near Aunt Katy's 
— so don't be 'fraid, Massa." 



210 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Every one offered to do something for ns. One 
could make some hoe cakes, another could bring some 
bacon, another had some fresh pork, that had just 
been killed on the plantation, and still another 
" reckoned he might git to find a dead chicken sonie- 
whar." 

ENCOURAGING PROSPECTS. 

" Uncle Zeb" was a sort of universal genius, and 
learning that we needed a knife to cut our rations 
and dispose oF any small game we might chance to 
meet with, volunteered to make us one. Another 
would bring us a bag to serve as a haversack. Others 
still would provide food and articles of clothing. 
After making these promises they dispersed to their 
work, assuring us that they would return in the 
evening. 

Thus our whereabouts was known to about thirty 
negroes, young and old ; and I venture that we were 
as safe from betrayal as though they had been our 
own soldiers. The talent of the negro for conceal- 
ment is something wonderful. Their whole history 
as a race has compelled them to it, and they have been 
ready scholars. They can often make white men 
believe a downright falsehood, when they cannot per- 
suade them to believe the truth. A shrewd lawyer, 
with his suspicions fully aroused, might have puzzled 
even a ten-year-old boy in vain, to get any informa- 
tion of our situation. 

When "Aunt Katy" sent her little boy, about 
eight years of age, to notify the colored people of our 
arrival, we were apprehensive that it might not be safe 
to trust so young a lad, but the old lady assured us 



AND THE ESCAPE. 211 

that we need Lave no fears, as the " chile know'd what 
he's 'bout." She then told ns that only a short time 
before, when some escaped prisoners were concealed 
in her hut, the planter had had suspicions of the fact, 
and riding by, had asked the little boy if there were 
not Yankees in the house, when the young rascal, 
giving a start, rolled his eyes in the direction of the 
hut, with a woebegone look, and asked quickly, 
" Yankees in dar ! " and then added, with a shudder 
of fear, " Gor A'mighty, Massa, ef dar was, you 
wouldn't ketch dis darky yer, no how. Dem Yankees 
got horns on, Massa, and I'se 'fraid of 'um. Ef I seed 
one of 'um comin' for me, I'd die, shoore." The mas- 
ter rode on, doubtless well pleased with the manner in 
which his stories about Yankees had been treasured 
up. 

It is an established fact that it would have been 
impossible for our men, held as prisoners of war in 
the South, to make an escape without the aid of ne- 
groes, and it would have been nearly as impossible, 
had they been strictly truthful in all cases. 

Evening brought the morning party again to 
"Aunt Katy's." " Uncle Zeb " had manufactured the 
knife, in good earnest. He had taken the largest file 
the plantation afforded, and hammered it into a blade 
nearly two feet long. To this he had attached a 
handle some eight inches in length, and two in diame- 
ter. "With this young sword, he stalked into the room 
with an air of triumphant satisfaction. His ideas of 
the use to which it could be put were somewhat dif- 
ferent from ours, as his presentation speech will serve 
to show. 



212 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

" Here, gemnien, is yer knife. I reck'n yer'll find 
it bery useful in trabels. Yer can cut yer hoe cake 
wid it, and ef yer happens to be on de trail ob a pig 
yer can chop his head off afore he gits to give a squeal " 
(flourishing the knife). 

" And likewise, geinmen, ef ye conies in a bery 
tight place, dis yer might cut a Buckrey's (Rebel's) 
head off. I'se grounded it right sharp for ye, (feeling 
of the edge), to have it ready for quick work." 

This speech was delivered with all the dignity of 
a Senator, and it never occurred to him that his labor 
might be thrown away. 

Just here, another brought us the bag we had bar- 
gained for. It was an old tow-string sack, and would 
hold two bushels or more. "We could hardly repress 
laughter at these generous attempts to meet our de- 
mands, but took them with us as relics of our expe- 
rience.* 

One of their number, a friend of " Ben Stead- 
man," by the way, offered to accompany us as guide. 
" Ben," he said, was taken prisoner, as before related ; 
and upon examination, told the plausible story afore- 
mentioned, that Lemon and myself were two foolish 
darkies who were scared at the pickets. The latter 
part of the narrative being strictly true, it was hardly 
necessary for us to rectify the former. 

The Steadman plantation was only three miles 
away, and " Ben " was afterwards brought to our place 
of concealment by his colored friend from Black 
Creek, and kindly offered his services for the occa- 
sion. 

* Lemon Lad the knife at the time of our recapture. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 213 

"We told him we were anxious to learn General 
Sherman's movements, and would like a paper. He 
insisted upon our going to his hut, although we much 
preferred the swamp ; but were at last prevailed upon 
to accompany him. Arriving there, we were politely 
introduced to Mrs. Stead man and family. They view- 
ed a live Yankee with not a little curiosity ; after this, 
" Ben " instructed his daughter to go into the house 
of her mistress and snatch a paper at the earliest oppor- 
tunity. She soon came running back with the Au- 
gusta Constitutionalist, published that morning. The 
celerity with which the blacks carry off a desired 
article, or accomplish a mission for a friend, is truly 
astonishing ; and no watchfulness on the part of their 
master can stay a project when once the heart is in it. 

CROSSING THE NORTH EDISTO. 

Having possessed ourselves of the contents of the 
paper, we struck the road and crossed the North 
Edisto at ten o'clock p. m. 

The water was over the bridge in many places ; so 
we were compelled to ford the stream. 

It was our intention to reach and cross the South 
Edisto before morning, but having become confused 
by the intersection of " blind roads," and having lost 
our way, we were obliged to halt for the night in a 
pine grove, we knew not where. 

gdi\ $«£. 

Near the South Edisto River, S. 0., ) 
Wednesday, November 30. ) 

"We breakfasted this morning on hoe-cake and 
pindars, popularly known as peanuts at the North. 



214 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

They were among the provisions given us at " Aunt 
Katy's," from whose more than hospitable hovel we 
had gone laden not only with eatables, but also with 
good wishes, prayers, and blessings, which we cannot 
soon forget or lose. 

FINDING OUR BEARINGS, 

We were, at this point of our journey, more or less 
puzzled, having lost our latitude and longitude, and 
being also without a guide, " Ben " having left us 
some time before night. After following roads last 
evening for several hours, we were brought to a stand- 
still at the edge of a swamp. 

There were no stars plainly visible, and we had 
not yet learned to take the moon for a guide. Be- 
sides, the heavenly bodies in southern latitudes have 
bo different an appearance from those seen at the 
North, that we were for some time after the escape in 
constant doubt as to the points of the compass. I re- 
member it caused me great grief to find that the 
north star was much nearer the horizon, and seemed 
to have lost that prominence which is given to it in 
high latitudes, where it is a guide, standing far above 
tree-top and mountain. Yet I soon came to hail it as 
a faithful sentinel " that guards the fixed light of the 
universe, and bids the North forever know its place." 

After moving to the pine grove mentioned in the 
last chapter, which was only a short distance from the 
swamp that stopped our progress, we slept till about 
ten o'clock a. m. Thinking it necessary to get our 
bearings by daylight, which we could not do, if the 
sun did not shine to assist us, by means of the streams, 



AND THE ESCAPE, 215 

'which, in this part of the country, we knew flowed in 
a southeasterly direction ; also by the chains of hills, 
which in every country have the same general direc- 
tion as the streams. We were assisted not a little by 
the moss on tbe trunks of trees, which always hangs in 
heaviest masses on the north side. These signs by 
day, and the heavenly orbs by night, supplied the 
place of maps and magnetic needles. 

We were obliged to skulk along during the whole 
day, passing many plantations, and exciting the ire 
of an array of contemptible curs, whose only business 
and only pleasure was to howl at civil people who 
asked no recognition. 

Good luck favored us somewhat, for we were in 
sight of buildings several times during the day. But 
dangers and annoyances made us irritable. We could 
scarcely agree upon anything. Just before dark we 
heard wood- choppers, and Lemon went to spy them out. 
He soon returned and led the way to 'three negroes, 
who had just stopped work, and were about to return 
to the plantation. We accompanied them to a thicket 
within a few rods of their master's house, and after 
they had supplied us with rations, one of their num- 
ber piloted us to the Aiken road, a distance of about 
two and a half miles. This brought us within four 
miles of the South Edisto. The distance between the 
North and South Edistosat this point is twelve miles. 
The South Edisto is about fourteen miles north of 
Aiken, and Aiken is seventeen miles from Augusta. 

As we pursued our way towards the South Edisto, 
we could hear dogs barking far in advance of us, and 
judged that some one must be traveling the same road, 
9* 



216 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

— perhaps escaped prisoners, — perhaps a Rebel patrol. 
This gave us some uneasiness, as we knew they had a 
decided advantage over us by being in the advance. 
However we plodded on, and, when near the river, 
heard a rustling in the bushes. We then laid low for 
a few moments, and two men passed us in the clear 
moonlight. It was impossible to 'tell whether they 
were Federals or Rebels, so we decided to watch 
their movements. After a time we followed, creeping 
along very cautiously. 

CROSSING THE SOUTH EDISTO. 

The South Edisto, in that part of South Carolina, 
has half a dozen channels or more, which are very 
narrow, and between them are long narrow strips of 
marshy land. In fact it is nothing more than a vast 
swamp, with several nearly parallel bayous running 
through it. These bayous are crossed by bridges, and 
while crossing one of these we heard footsteps behind 
us, on a bridge we had just passed over. At this we 
ran hastily over the remaining bridges, then turned 
aside and concealed ourselves in some bushes. 

CHALLENGING FRIENDS. 

Presently the two men previously described came 
trudging along with the same slow and weary pace. 
From the manner in which they had manoeuvred I 
felt assured that they were "escaped prisoners," and 
resolved to challenge them at all hazards ; so, step- 
ping boldly from the bushes, I sang out, " Who comes 
there ? " With a trembling start the foremost man re- 
plied, " Friends." I then commanded, " Halt, friends ; 
advance one, and be recognized." The man stepped 



AND THE ESCAPE. 217 

slowly forward, peering into my face, when a mutual 
recognition took place. They also were escaped pris- 
oners from Columbia, and yet we had been dodging 
each other for more than an hour. Lemon had known 
one of the officers while in prison. 

We at once determined that it was not best to 
travel in company, yet we pursued our way together, 
talking over our adventm*es, until we saw a large tire 
in the road directly in our front. Stealthily approach- 
ing, we found a band of Rebels encamped there, and 
thought we must be near a picket post ; the}' proved, 
however, to be a squad of " tax-gatherers," going about 
the country with quartermasters' wagons, gathering 
supplies. 

Here was an obstacle to our farther progress. 
There were great ponds of water on either side, and 
the road was blocked. No amount of reconnoitring 
could discover a solution of the difficulty. Then 
there was a resort to stratagem by our newly found 
friends and ourselves, but both parties resorted to the 
same tactics. Each wished the other to advance, and 
incur the risk of a recapture ; but neither seemed will- 
ing to accept the preference, so we found a safe 
retreat, and lay down for the night. 



"! 



Sixty §ag. 

Aiken Road, seven miles south of the South Edisto, 
Thursday, December 1. 

In the morning the Rebel band of tax-gatherers 
struck tents " like the Arabs, and silently stole away." 
This left the road clear, and we parted company with 
our friends, oach to try our chances by different routes. 



218 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Our parting was made memorable by the great thirst 
from which we there suffered. No relief was accessi- 
ble, save in the filthy, nauseating water of the swamps ; 
so we pushed on, hoping soon to find a spring or 
brook. Our course lay over a high barren, sandy 
table-land, covered with stunted oaks, and entirely 
destitute of water. We traveled about seven miles, 
when we came to a small stream near whose banks 
was a beautiful spring. Here we were taught the 
value of " cold water to a thirsty soul." 

This stream ran through a ravine nearly a hun- 
dred feet in depth, while high up on the banks were 
pine groves. It was a wild, romantic spot, and we 
could not tear ourselves from it, but lay concealed. in 
the grove, going occasionally to the spring to drink. 

In a Swamp, near Aiken, S. C, ) 
Friday, December 2. ) 

Late in the night we reluctantly bade farewell to 
the beautiful spot where we had been refreshed so 
finely, and pursued our journey. Nothing of inter- 
est occured. The march was unbroken until near 
daylight, when we turned into a by-road, and found a 
hiding-place in some thick underbrush, close by a fine 
stream of water. It was always our purpose to do 
this, as we knew thirst would drive us to searching for 
water during the day, and thus expose us to danger. 

Just at the break of day we espied a colored boy 
passing down the road with a basket on his arm. 
Lemon ran out to him, and called out, " Hold on, my 
boy, I want to see you ; " thinking, meantime, that 



AND THE ESCAPE. 219 

the basket doubtless contained what we most needed, 
something of an eatable character. We inferred tlae 
boy had a chicken with him, for saying that word, in 
a manner which betokened the greatest fear, the boy 
set off at a wild run, and would have defied a race- 
horse to catch him. As for the lieutenant, after ex- 
hausting all his rhetoric in endeavoring to bring back 
the boy, he returned to the spot where I lay, saying, 
"Now they will have us again, and we shall be 
prisoners before night." 

" Never fear," I said, " as long as there is a swamp 
in the neighborhood ; " and, without further cere- 
mony, we picked up our baggage and hastily de- 
camped. Flora Temple would have been distanced 
had she attempted to overtake us; for her stakes 
would have been only a few dollars to her owners, 
while ours were life and liberty. 

We made for a swamp, about a mile away, as fast 
as our tired limbs could carry us. This swamp lay on 
either side of the Aiken road, and our place of conceal- 
ment was so near that the passers-by were in plain sight. 
While lying here, three ladies came walking down a 
forest path, accompanied by several hounds. The 
dogs followed squirrels and other game very near our 
hiding-place, but we were not discovered. 

One of the ladies was telling the others what a 
fright her mother had early in the morning by the 
hurried advent of her nigger boy "John," who went 
to a neighbor's for a chicken. The boy was wild with 
terror, " having been chased by Yankees," as he said. 
Thus we learned that our presence was known, and 
we began planning more caution. 



220 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Towards evening several bushwhackers rode along 
towards Aiken, with shot guns on their shoulders. 
They were doubtless thinking that the foolish Yan- 
kees would be verdant enough to pass through town 
at night, and were determined to be ready for them. 
But we intended to flank the town, and, thinking 
with satisfaction of our purpose to give the bush- 
whackers the slip, fell asleep. 

In a Corn-fodder House, near Aiken, S. 0., ) 
Saturday, December 3. ) 

We did not resume our tramp until midnight, 
when, after walking a short distance, we found our- 
selves in the vicinity of the village, with the road so 
flanked by streams as to find it difficult to leave it. 
"We then resolved to feel our way carefully through 
the town, as this would very much shorten our jour- 
ney; where, instead of enemies, we had the pleas- 
ure of 

MEETING FRIENDS. 

Deep sleep and quiet lay upon the place, and we 
passed through without opposition. On reaching the 
farthest outskirts of the village, two men, accom- 
panied by a boy, were seen approaching. When they 
saw us they quickly turned aside into a by-street. 
This convinced us that they were escaped prisoners, 
us Eebels had nothing to be afraid of in those parts. 
We called to them softly, "Don't be afraid, Tanks; 
we are friends." They proved to be Captain Bryant, 
of the Fifth New York Cavalry, and a companion 
whose name I did not learn. They had a negro 



AND THE ESCAPE. 221 

guide, who was to secrete them in a hut until the 
next night, when they were to proceed as we had 
done, and reach the lines of freedom by the nearest 
route. Something of a discussion took place during 
the few minutes we remained together, with regard to 
the most feasible course. They had become satisfied, 
from information obtained, that it was not General 
Sherman's intention to strike Augusta; hence they 
concluded it not worth while to go so far out of our 
way to reach that place. We had also learned that 
all the boats on the Savannah River had been de- 
stroyed south of Augusta, and were satisfied that it 
would not be possible to cross below that place. 
They therefore took their course, and we took ours — 
meaning to cross the river at Augusta, and from 
thence to strike across the country to Milliu, some 
sixty miles south-east, where we felt certain of find- 
ing at least the rear-guard of Sherman's army. 

After leaving these friends, with fervent wishes for 
their success, Lemon and myself started for a swamp 
in the distance, and, in consequence of difference of 
opinion arising between us, we became a little con- 
fused. The result was that we separated, he taking- 
one route, and I another. 

We came together shortly afterward, however, 
and forgot our differences. We reached the swamp, 
where we secreted ourselves, and soon were gratified 
to see an old sow with a large litter of pigs approach- 
ing. We greeted them otherwise than did wandering 
^Eneas the " alba sus " lying under the hollow trees 
of ancient Italy, — for, enticing them with crumbs of 
hoe-cake, we both in unison struck one juvenile 



222 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

porker on the head with our heavy canes. He died 
easily, nothing more being necessary to stretch him a 
lifeless corpse at our feet. No relative waited to at- 
tend his funeral. Here "Uncle Zeb's" mammoth 
knife did excellent service. We dug a hole in the 
ground, and made a fire of pine-knots, which soon 
became a bed of intensely hot embers. Over this we 
spitted the dressed carcass of the unfortunate little 
fellow, and, after it was " done brown," sat down to a 
feast that might have tempted an epicure. No more 
luscious barbecue ever excited the salivary glands of 
a London alderman. This was a peace-offering, 
though not strictly according to Levitical law. Our 
asperities were lubicrated for that day. 

"We heard the sound of an axe in the distance, 
and I crept cautiously along to reconnoitre. Found 
it to be a black boy, and, remembering Lemon's ex- 
perience of the day before, I said, " Hallo, Sambo ! " 
His hat came off suddenly, but he made no attempt 
to run. The grinning imp, when he learned who 
we were, gladly led us to a fodder-house near by 
for concealment ; and after dark a large number of 
colored boys and girls came up to pay us their re- 
spects. They entertained us with their views of the 
war, and proposed a prayer-meeting in our behalf. 
They also told us where to look out for trouble from 
bushwhackers, hounds, and so forth. Our parting 
from these friendly people was tender and affecting, 
each one shaking hands, and saying, "God bless you, 
Massa 1 " 

Following their directions, we expected to strike 
the railroad running from Charleston to Augusta on 



AND THE ESCAPE, 223 

the west side of Aiken, and pursue it west to Augusta ; 
but instead of this we struck it on the east side, and 
by mistake, as we had no stars to guide us, we fol- 
lowed the road eastward toward Charleston. 

llinllj §huj. 

Destination, Augusta, Ga., Location Unknown, ) 
Sunday, December 4. \ 

Late in the night we passed through a small vil- 
lage just as a freight train was leaving, and tried 
hard to find a hiding-place in one of the cars, ex- 
pecting to be carried into Augusta before daylight. 
Had we succeeded in this, we would have been borne 
triumphantly into Charleston, and sent back to im- 
prisonment. A merciful Providence interposed. 
Thus "mail proposes," often to his own ruin, but 
" God disposes," always to His own glory and the 
good of His creatures. 

We followed this railroad all night. A hound 
was on our track just before morning, but he must 
have barked on his own rash responsibility, for he 
soon ceased, and gave up the chase. 

Soon after daylight a passenger train came sweep- 
ing along, loaded with Rebel soldiers. They set up 
an infernal shout as they passed ; and, fearing the 
train might be stopped, we turned off into some scrub- 
oaks and secreted ourselves. Here we heard heavy 
cannonading all day. It came from a southeasterly 
direction, as it seemed to us, and was the sweetest 
music we had heard for many an hour. 

We felt as if we were approaching friends; and 
we took heart, being hopeful for the future. 



224 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

SKTENTEEN MILE3 EAST OF AlKEN, S. C, ) 

Monday, December 5. ) 

All night we travelled on, wondering why we 
had not reached Augusta, and having suspicions that 
all was not right. During the day we lay in a pine 
thicket. About dusk Lemon went in search of ne- 
groes, and soon found some wood-choppers. They 
soon informed us of our mistake. We were en route 
for Charleston, traveling east instead of west, and 
not ha vino- the least desire to visit the last-mentioned 
city. Our distance east of Aiken was seventeen 
miles ; a bad mistake, we concluded. But Provi- 
dence still seemed to favor us, for we learned, through 
our colored friends, that it was possible to cross the 
Savannah twenty miles below Augusta, at a place 
called Point Comfort. Our army was marching on 
Savannah ; so we rather gained than lost by our mis- 
take. 

Getting a supply of hoe-cake and a guide for a 
few miles, we started for Tinker Creek, a station 
fifteen miles distant, and on the way to Point Com- 
fort. We were in excellent spirits, and again under- 
took to follow the voluminous directions of our 
colored friends. 

(Elrkttfjj |patf. 

Near Tinker Creek, S. 0., ) 
Tuesday, December 6. j 

During the night we came to a fork in the road, 
and, after debating some time as to which course we 
should pursue, I leaped over the fence, and made for 



AND THE ESCAPE. 225 

a negro hut, while several hounds from the plantation 
followed hard on my track. I managed, by some 
tall running, to come out a few feet ahead, and 
bolted into the shanty without warning or formality, 
slamming the door behind me to keep out the dogs. 
A great stupid negro was standing in front of the 
fire, his hands and face buried deeply in fresh pork 
and hoe-cake, which he was making poor work at 
eating. ■ His broad, fat countenance glistened with 
an unguent distilled partly from within and partly 
from without. Turning my eyes from the negro to 
the untidy hearth, they were greeted, as were also my 
olfactories, with a skillet of pork, frying over the 
coals. 

Without troubling him to answer my questions. 
I opened the mouth of my haversack, and poured 
into it the dripping contents of the skillet. I next 
observed that the ashes on the hearth had a sus- 
piciously fat appearance, and taking the tongs, began 
raking among them. My suspicions were 'verified, 
for two plump-looking hoe-cakes came to light, which 
were also deposited in the haversack. 

Looking around still farther, I saw what I had 
not observed before, 

dinah's black head, 
as she peered out from among the bed-clothes, rolling 
two of the most astonished white eyes that ever 
asked the question, " What's you g'wine to do 
next ? " Not seeing any practical way in which I 
could answer her mute question, I said to Sambo, 
" Call the dogs into the house." 



228 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

This he did hastily, when I asked, " Uncle, what 
road must this Eebel take for Tinker Creek ? " 

" De right han' one, out clar, I reckon/' he answer- 
ed. Again bidding him keep the houuds in the house 
till morning, I rushed out to the road, and joined my 
companion. This ruse I played for the sake of saving 
time. We made lively work for about three miles, 
after which we took it more leisurely, stopping to rest 
and refresh ourselves at every stream that crossed the 
road. 

The weather was very cold, and we suffered much 
from its severity as soon as we were compelled to lie 
down to rest. 

About daylight we found shelter in a piece of 
woods near the roadside, and slept till ten o'clock in 
the morning, when we were awakened by some boys 
driving cows along the road. Some of the animals 
came within a few feet of us, but the boys kept at a 
respectful, distance. 

Thinking our quarters too much exposed, we cau- 
tiously crossed the road and plunged into the woods 
on the other side. 

About four o'clock p. m. we heard chopping in the 
distance, and came to a negro boy who had never seen 
a Yankee, but concluded it would not be very wrong 
to render one a little assistance. Accordingly he 
brought to our hiding-place, in the evening, several 
other negroes with corn-bread, bacon, etc. One of 
their number, an intelligent fellow, volunteered to 
guide us to a place near Point Comfort, on the Savan- 
nah, intending to return before day, and be ready for 
his labors, without exciting suspicion. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 22*7 

(LfcdftJj £!hit. 

Near Point Comfort, on the Savannah River, [ 
Wednesday, December 7. ) 

Our guide, being in somewhat of a hurry to get 
back to his work, urged us on more rapidly than we 
cared to proceed. Seeing that we began to lag be- 
hind, he soon offered to " tote " our baggage. We of 
course could not refuse so generous an offer, fearing 
that perhaps the effect of a refusal might be to chill 
the streams of benevolence flowing from his kindly 
heart. It is certain that there would be no call for 
kindness, if everybody should refuse to receive a 
kindness. !Not caring to render ourselves obnoxious 
to the charge of banishing benevolence from the world, 
we magnanimously consented to his proposal. 

But even this did not seem to affect his gait, and 
we were still often far in the rear, and obliged to call 
on him to travel more slowly. 

This noble-hearted fellow led us on for fifteen 
miles, and at last secreted us in a thicket by the road- 
side, not far from a large plantation. Advising us to 
find some negro to take us to the Savannah, which 
was only three miles away, he said good-by, and was 
off. 

Morning revealed to us the fact that we were 
rather too much exposed to be entirely safe, and as 
we were very thirsty, with no prospect of water near, 
we decided to move farther into the woods. This 
seemed, in a measure, to secure both objects. A large 
ravine about half a mile away afforded an abundance 
of water, and we felt that it must be a more safe re- 
treat. A negro who came that way with an axe on 



228 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

his shoulder, informed, its that boys were in the habit 
of hunting in the woods, and that we had better seek 
a more sheltered place. 

He pointed to a round sand-hill a short distance 
away, on the top of which was a sort of pitfall, and 
advised us to go there, promising to bring some more 
negroes to us in the evening. Accordingly we made 
for the sand-hill, and hid ourselves in the pit. 

But even this place could not escape the intrusion 
of boys, guided by no purpose whatever but their 
own pleasure. In the afternoon, they came bounding 
over the hills with a troop of dogs, hunting squirrels, 
and came within a few feet of finding larger game. 
This disturbed us again, and we sought another shel- 
ter ; and thus, in fear and anxiety, spent the day. 

At the appointed time in the evening the negroes 
came, and one of them piloted us to the hut of some 
colored fishermen on the Savannah River, which we 
reached late in the evening. 

In a Cypress Swamp, on the Savannah, ) 
Thursday, December 28. ) 

These fishermen, who had plied their trade before 
the war, were acquainted with every bend in the river, 
and now proposed exercising their skill in our behalf. 
On a tributary of the Savannah, about a mile from 
their huts, there lay an old cypress-tree canoe, and to 
this canoe one of their number conducted us, taking 
with him a supply of cotton and pitch. This craft 
had recently come under the boat-destroyer's notice, 
and had been pretty roughly handled ; and yet our col- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 229 

ored friend thought lie could make it seaworthy. All 
night long the faithful fellow worked, caulking and 
pitching, while we lay concealed in an old hollow 
cypress log. The ring of his hammer went out 
through the forest as if bidding a " beautiful defiance " 
to those who had destroyed his property. 

Near morning, he appeared to have satisfied him- 
self; for throwing her into the stream, he called out, 
"Now she's ready, Massa. I'll soon land you in 
Georgy." 

The moon was shining brightly, and viewing the 
shabby dug-out by her treacherous light, I confess to 
a want of faith in her ability to carry us safely to the 
other side. 

We lost no time however in speculations, but 
resolved to put the matter to the test at once. Hastily 
taking our seats in the small craft, which at once com- 
menced leaking fearfully, our pilot pulled^ for dear 
life, while Lemon and myself lustily bailed her out 
with a couple of large gourds. In spite of our utmost 
endeavors, the water kept gaining on us, and when 
within a few rods of the wished-for shore, seeing that 
she was going down, we sprang into the stream, which 
happened to be shallow, and dragged the swamping 
boat up the beach. This was 

A NARROW ESCAPE, 

for had our craft gone down when out in the stream, 
the alligators would have made our prospects none the 
brightest. The Savannah here is about half a mile 
wide. We at once plunged into the swamp, leaving 
the good negro wadding his boat with cotton, pre- 



230 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

paratory to his return. Our prayer was that lie 
might reach the other side in safety, and live to send 
many other poor fellows on their way rejoicing. "We 
were in the midst of a southern cypress swamp. 
These swamps extend continuously along both hanks 
of the Savannah, and are about three miles in 
width. They are thickly interlarded with bayous 
and small streams, and abound in small lakes and 
ponds. The ground, in the wet season, is entirely 
overflowed, and it is next to impossible to travel 
over it, 

THE CYPRESS-TREE, 

which is the glory of these swamps, grows to an im- 
mense size. The trunk of the tree, near the ground, 
swells out somewhat like the base of a cone, termi- 
nating in huge roots that stand widely apart. In 
cuttrag dewn these trees, it is customary to build a 
..Molding to it e '- 1 -"o> 1 e height, in order to get 
above the bulge. 

All who have visited these swamps have been 
struck with the number and appearance of the nat- 
ural stumps with which they abound. I can call 
them by no other name. They are all heights from 
one foot to ten, look like stumps at a distance, are 
cone-shaped and rounded at the top, and the most of 
them are alive. The impression conveyed is, that 
trees of full size had commenced to grow from the 
ground, and after reaching the height of a few feet 
had changed their intentions, and concluded that they 
would grow into stumps. Add to all this the long, 
trailing Spanish moss that burdens every tree, from 



AND THE ESCAPE. 231 

the sapling to the king of tlie forest, and you Lave 
some idea of a southern swamp. 

In such a place were we — and we wandered about 
nearly the whole day in our attempts to get out. 
Great winking 

ALLIGATORS 

lay along the bayous, and on every cool, damp log, 
watching our motions, apparently pleased at our mis- 
fortunes, and sending towards us loving, hungry 
glances. As soon as we approached, they would 
hobble to the water's edge, and apparently fall in. 
They, too, might have belonged to some detachment 
of southern chivalry, doing duty on their own 
grounds. 

Towards night we came to a corn-field skirting 
the swamp and rising towards the highlands. Here 
was a most delightful spring of water, and near it a 
kettle of clothes over a fire. Expecting to see the 
owners in a moment ^° 1ott - 1 --— jo the bushes and 
waited. Soon a colored man came, found us a hiding- 
place, and promised to meet us again at eight o'clock 
in the evening. 

While we were waiting a colored washerwoman 
came, accompanied by several white children. Their 
contemptible little dog came yelping to within a few 
feet of our place of concealment, while the children 
stood back urging him on. His discretion proved the 
better courage, however, and he became tired eventu- 
ally, and went away. In the evening our negro re- 
turned, and conducted us to some friends of his a few 
miles off. On the way we met a planter, who was a 
sort of independent scout. The negro was somewhat 
10 



282 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

in advance, and when the planter stopped him, we 
skulked behind some logs and were not observed. 

The whites were on the alert at this place, as it 
was only a short time since " Mr. Kilpatrick's com- 
pany had flogged Mr. Wheeler's company right bad," 
down at Waynesboro', only a few miles distant, as 
our colored friends informed us. Cavalrymen were 
patrolling the roads during the whole night, and we 
began to feel the necessity of the greatest caution. 

Our guide led us to a field a short distance from 
some negro huts, and made our whereabouts known 
to the occupants. Soon some negroes came out with 
a generous supply of hot griddle-cakes. We left this 
place after a brief halt, with a guide who knew 
where the pickets were stationed, and traveled cau- 
tiously towards Brier Creek, a stream about eighteen 
miles distant in the direction of Millin. 

<fottrtenijj gag. 

Near Brier Creek, Ga., ) 
Friday, December 9. ) 

Before morning our guide left us secreted in a 
thicket at a fork of roads, about four miles from 
Brier Creek. Being weary, we soon fell asleep. 
Nothing occurred to disturb our slumbers, but when 
we awoke sentinels were guarding us. 

Four large hounds stood looking down on us with 
an air of calmness and responsibility, snuffing occa- 
sionally to know whether we had the scent of game. 
After we awoke they seemed to consider their guar- 
dianship at an end, and, walking around us a little in 
the most natural manner imaginable, they quietly, 



,.* 



AND THE ESCAPE. 257 



CHAPTER XV. 

RE-CAPTURED BY A REBEL PICKET. 

(Tfoenig-firsf ^ag. 



Twenty miles from Sayannaii, Ga. ] 
FridaY, December 6. 



As we lay in our hiding-place near Big Ebenezer 
Creek, we congratulated ourselves on the wonderful 
preservation we had experienced thus far. Our nar- 
row escapes from alligators, and hounds, and worse 
men ; our successful disguises, and transits over diffi- 
cult streams and swamp3 ; and the very kind treat- 
ment we had invariably received at the hands of the 
despised colored man, — all these came up in review, 
and seemed to give us a foretaste of final triumph. 
It seemed as though our toils and dangers were nearly 
over. Our hearts beat high with delight at the 
thought that we were not far from the Federal lines, 
and that a few hours' walk would bring us among our 
friends. Elated with past success, and flushed with 
hope for the future, we left our place of concealment 
with joyous hearts and invigorated frames, though we 
had been more than thirty-six hours without rations 
of bread or meat, subsisting on all almost nothing. 

"We were without guides, and with no definite in- 
formation with regard to the position of the contend- 
ing armies. In fact, we were groping our way along 



258 THE CAPTURE, THE FRISSON PEN, 

like blind men, driven about from point to point by 
the yelping of bounds, or tbe arrangements of picket- 
lines, or the movements of troops. 

About midnight we reached Little Ebenezer 
Creek, and, to our great chagrin, we found the 
bridge destroyed. 

After a few moments' reconnoitring we became 
satisfied that no pickets infested the opposite shores. 
Luckily for us we found several pieces of broken 
boards and planks with which, having constructed a 
raft, we safely paddled ourselves across the stream. 

Caution was now the general commanding, for we 
knew that dangers increased with every step. Old 
camping grounds were numerous along our way, and 
each was examined closely for crumbs of hard bread, 
or any other eatables that we thought might have 
been left by our army ; for we were now on the 
Savannah River road, over which Kilpatrick's caval- 
ry and the Fourteenth Army Corps had passed but a 
week before. 

Just as we were about turning from the road for 
the above-mentioned purpose, a gruff voice sent out 
the terrible challenge, 

" WHO COMES THEEE ? " 
I had long ere this decided upon the course to be 
pursued in case we should be so unfortunate as 
to run upon a picket ; but being too near the chal- 
lenger to make running a safe expedient, I answered 
without hesitation, " Friends." Upon which the 
picket commanded, " Advance one." I advanced 
promptly, and, arriving near my captors, found them 
to be mounted infantrymen. They were sitting upon 



AND THE ESCAPE. 259 

their horses, in the shade of some cypress-trees. One 
asked, " "Who are you ? " to which I replied, "lama 
scout to General Hardie, and must not be detained, 
as I have important information for the general." 

The sentry replied, " I'm instructed to take 
every person to the officer of the picket that ap- 
proaches this post after dark." 

" I can't help it, sir. It is not customary to arrest 
scouts, and I must pass on." 

" You cannot ; I must obey orders. I do not 
doubt the truth of your assertion ; but until you have 
seen the lieutenant, you will not be allowed to pass 
this post." 

Finding that I had met a good soldier, I saw that 
it was useless to trifle with him, and tried to console 
myself with the thought that I should be able to dupe 
the officer ; and as we were hurried on toward the 
reserve of the picket, my mind was occupied in ar- 
ranging a plan for our defence, as spies to the great 
" Rebel Chief." Reaching the reserve, we found 
nearly all asleep, in close proximity to a large rail 
lire, including my antagonist, the lieutenant. 

A little rough shaking soon roused him up, and, 
rubbing his eyes for a moment, he asked, "What's 
wanted ? " 

I quickly answered, " I'm surprised, sir, that 
scouts to our generals should be arrested by your 
picket." 

He said, "My instructions are positive, and no 
man can pass this post without examination." 

" Yery well, then," I said, " be good enough to ex- 
amine us at once." 
11 



260 TEE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

" Have you passes ? " 

" No, sir ; not at present. We had papers when 
we left the general's headquarters ; but having been 
scouting in Northern Georgia, for the past two weeks, 
our papers are worn out and lost." 

" You have some papers about you, I suppose ? " 

Thinking that by answering in the affirmative, and 
producing quickly an old package of letters which had 
been received while in Libby Prison, that none of 
them would be criticised, I hastily drew them from 
the side-pocket of my jacket and held them before 
me, saying, " I hope here are enough, sir." 

The lieutenant's curiosity led him to take one 
which had been received from Colonel C. Buel, of 
Troy, New York. 

REGARDED AS A SPY. 

He held it near the fire, and noticing the date, 
turned his eyes towards me and again to the letter ; 
the second glance seemed to satisfy him that I was 
not a Rebel, and he remarked very indignantly, 
" Then you are scouting for General Hardie, are 

you ? I believe you are a cl d Yankee spy, and 

if you were to get your just deserts I should hang 
you to the first tree I come to." Said I, " Lieuten- 
ant, do not be too hasty, I can convince you that I 
have been a prisoner of war, and if you are a true 
soldier, I shall be treated as such." 

Becoming a little more mild, he gave us to under- 
stand that we should start at ten o'clock the next 
morning, for Springfield, the head-quarters of Gen- 
eral Wheeler. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 261 

After detailing a special guard for the prisoners, 
and instructing them to be on the alert, the lieuten- 
ant laid himself down by the fire, leaving us to reflect 
upon the hardness of fate, and the uncertainties at- 
tending an effort to escape the clutches of a barbarous 
enemy. 

NOT YET DISCOURAGED. 

After a while I found an opportunity of speaking 
to Lemon, and secretly communicated to him my in- 
tention of making another attempt to reach the Fede- 
ral lines. I told him that I did not know what he 
had determined to do, but as for myself, I should 
never return to South Carolina, a prisoner. I recount- 
ed to him the horrors and frightful consequences of 
prisou life, and the privations and long suffering at- 
tending our attempt to escape from the hands of our 
merciless enemies. I told him that in my estimation 
it was quite as well to be hung by bushwhackers or 
torn to pieces by hounds in Georgia, as to return to 
South Carolina to meet a miserable death from star- 
vation and exposure. Our case was a desperate one, 
and I was ready for any expedient. 

Lemon seemed to agree with me in every particu- 
lar, and although he made no decisive answer, I con- 
cluded that I could count upon his co-operation. 
While with the picket, we learned that we had been 
arrested at the outpost, and that if we had been so 
fortunate as to pass this post, we might have reached 
General Sherman's lines in less than an hour. This 
intelligence was very disheartening indeed, when we 
saw that but a step intervened between suffering and 
happiness. Still, I endeavored to look upon the bright 



262 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

side of the picture, thinking that if I could hut have 
another chance in the " swamps," I should be more 
successful. 

REBEL KINDNESS. 

I shall never forget the kindness of James Brooks, 
one of the pickets, who came to us a little after day- 
break, and asked if we would like some hoe-cake and 
bacon. He said he had been out " prowling " or 
" bumming," whichever way we might call it, and he 
would now share his rations with the prisoners. 

We answered in the affirmative, as a matter of 
course, having been without food for more than forty- 
eight hours, save a few ears of corn which we had 
been so fortunate as to find by the roadside, where 
the cavalrymen had fed their horses. In a moment 
more the hoe-cake was forthcoming, much to the dis- 
gust of our friend's comrades, who called him " blue- 
belly," and said he must be a fool to give his bread to 
" the d d Yanks." He made no reply to their in- 
sults, but set before us a most excellent breakfast. 

AN ATTEMPT TO BRIBE THE GUARD. 

After we had finished the hoe-cake and bacon, we 
asked permission to pass under guard to a little stream 
of water which was in sight of, and but a few rods 
from, the reserve. 

The favor was granted, and after we had taken a 
bath, I endeavored to bribe the guard by offering 
them one hundred dollars in " Confederate scrip " 
(which had been given me by the negroes), if they 
would give us an opportunity to make our escape. 

They said they would be right glad to have the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 263 

money, but feared the consequences, as they were held 
responsible for our return. I told them that if they 
would listen to me, I would show them how they 
could make a good pile of Confed., and have no fears 
of punishment. 

As we could be easily seen by the picket, my plan 
was to apparently take advantage of the guard by set- 
ting off at a run for the swamps, when they were to 
turn in pursuit, and without taking aim, tire in our 
direction. 

I was confident that the scheme would work admira- 
bly, but the guards seemed to distrust each other, and 
instead of acceding to my proposition, they marched 
us back to the picket, and reported that we had at- 
tempted to bribe them. The lieutenant ordered a 
search at once, and what little scrip had been given 
us by our colored friends was soon in the hands of the 
" gray jackets." We were also threatened with se- 
vere punishment ; one said, " Shoot the d d Yan- 
kees ; another, 

"let 'em stretch hemp." 

Several reckoned that they had better take us into 
the swamp, and send us after Sherman's raiders ; 
referring, I suppose, to the manner in which they had 
disposed of some of our sick that had necessarily been 
left in rear of the army ; for, before our recapture, we 
were told by the negroes, that fifteen of our sick who 
fell into the hands of the Rebels but a few days since, 
were taken to a swamp, where their throats were cut, 
and their bodies thrown into a slouch hole. 

I cannot vouch for the truth of this statement ; but 



264 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

it came to me from many whose veracity 1 had no 
reason to doubt. 

Our guards were universally applauded for their 
fidelity ; but I am thoroughly convinced that if either 
had been alone, he would have thanked me for the 
suggestion and pocketed the money. 

We remained with the picket until ten o'clock 
a. m., when a guard, consisting of a corporal and two 
men, were detailed for the purpose of taking us to 
General Wheeler's head-quarters. 

We had not proceeded far, however, when very 
suddenly I became so foot-sore as to render it seem- 
ingly impossible for me to walk, which I claimed was 
the result of my long tramp since my escape from 
Columbia. 

ONCE MORE IN THE SADDLE. 

I affected to.be too weak to mount without assist- 
ance, and allowed " Johnny Reb " to help me into the 
saddle. It was not long before we came to some little 
trees by the roadside, and, riding under one, I broke 
off a small branch which I thought might be of some 
service in the future ; for I was no sooner in the sad- 
dle than I had decided to effect my escape by flight, 
and determined to watch my opportunity. 

I had ridden the Rebel charger but a short distance, 
when the guard espied a black squirrel a few rods from 
the road. Forgetting the responsibility of his detail, 
he set out at a wild pace after the squirrel, which, 
after darting off a short distance, ran up a tree, and 
then, as if to show his superiority over Blondin, leap- 
ed from limb to limb with an expertness creditable to 
his species. His follower was upon the point of giv- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 267 

ing up the chase as a poor investment, when, sudden- 
ly, the little fellow halted, and perching himself upon 
a limb, seemingly bade defiance to pursuit. I could 
not help regarding this little animal with some favor : 
for it appeared that he was about to sacrifice his life 
to my interests. 

THE ESCAPE AND PURSUIT. 

The carbine was instantly brought to the shoul- 
der, and its report told me that then was my time, 
while the piece was unloaded ; and, without waiting 
to mark the result of the shot, I whipped up and 
dashed off at a fearful rate, urging my charger to the 
top of his speed. 

I was noticed immediately by the corporal, who left 
the other guard with Lemon, and came after me in a 
manner that was not the most flattering to my prospects. 
He was armed with a Colt's revolver, and while in 
pursuit discharged its contents at my unfortunate self, 
ordering me to halt at every shot. I paid no attention 
to the summons, but continued to urge my pony to 
his utmost. His pace, however, at the best, was quite 
unsatisfactory to my wishes ; for had he been more 
fleet, I could have distanced the corporal, dismount- 
ed, and got into the swamps out of his reach in a few 
moments. But disappointment was again to mar the 
day. I found myself unfortunately approaching a 
Rebel camp, which was situated on both sides of the 
road. I turned my horse, leaped a fence, and endea- 
vored to make my way across an open field ; but the 

corporal's demand, to halt the d d Yankee, was 

responded to by not less than fifty Texan rangers, 



268 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

from General Iverson's Cavalry Division. They came 
hooting and yelping, mounted and dismounted, armed 
and unarmed. Several blazed away at me with car- 
bines and revolvers, but without effect. 

I was, however, soon overtaken by fresh horses, 
and compelled to surrender myself once more a pris- 
oner of war into the hands of the Texans. 

The guard, whom I thought so kind, and whose 
horse I had thus unmercifully ridden, came up in 
time to heap a most fearful tirade of curses upon me 
before we again resumed our march. 

The Texans seemed to enjoy the sport hugely. 
One of them said to the squirrel-hunter, " You are a 
d- — d smart soldier, you are, to let a blue-belly get 
away from you — and on your own horse, too ! " 
Another put in, " I say, corporal, which of them nags 
can run fastest ? " 

The corporal had little to say, and as soon as Lemon 
and the other guard came up he started us on. We were 
then forced to walk the entire distance — my lameness 
exciting no further sympathy from the mortified 
guards. 

ARRIVAL AT WHEELER^ HEAD-QUARTERS. 

We reached General Wheeler's head-quarters late 
in the afternoon, and the corporal reported to the gen- 
eral that he was im charge of two prisoners that had 
attempted to pass the out-posts as scouts to General 
Hardie. Wheeler ordered us into his presence, ques- 
tioned us closely, and ordered our clothing searched. 
This investigation over, we were sent to the county 
jail and locked up in a cell, ten by fifteen feet, to wait 



AND THE ESCAPE. 269 

our trial as " Yankee spies." "We considered it an 
easy matter to prove our identity as escaped prisoners, 
and the only facts that could tell against us were, that 
I wore a gray jacket, and that we had represented 
ourselves to be scouts to a Confederate general. 

I shall ever remember our interview with General 
Wheeler ; for it was quite an amusing scene, and illus- 
trates, to some extent, the character of that Rebel 
cavalry chief, whose career in the South and "West 
had made his name so famous in the history of the 
Rebellion. He first said to us, — 

" Then you are scouting for Confederate generals, 
are you ? " 

I replied, " We would have rejoiced could we but 
have convinced your outpost that we were " 

"Eone of your impudence, sir. Remember that 
you are a prisoner." 

"Very true; but when you ask questions, you 
must expect answers." 

" What are you doing with that gray jacket? " 

"I wear it, sir, to protect myself from the sun 
and storm." 

" Where did you get it ? " 

" One of the guard at Columbia was kind enough 
to give it to me, when he saw that I was suffering for 
the want of clothing with which to cover my naked- 
ness." 

" He could not have been a true Rebel, thus to 
assist a Yankee in making his escape." 

" He knew nothing of my intention to escape ; 
and I believe he was, at least, a sympathizing, kind- 
hearted man." 
11* 



270 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

" Why don't you wear the Federal uniform ? Is 
it possible that the Yankees are ashamed of the 
blue?" 

"By no means, sir. What few garments were 
spared me at the time of my capture were worn out 
during a long imprisonment, and the clothing which 
was sent on to Richmond by our Government during 
the winter of 1863 for distribution among the pris- 
oners, was, for the most part, appropriated by your 
authorities." 

" Like many others of the contemptible Tankee 
crew, I believe you to be a lying scoundrel, and you 
shall answer to the charge of spy." 

" Yery well, sir, I am compelled to await your 
pleasure ; but you have heard nothing but the truth." 

" Guard, take the prisoners to the jail, place them 
in a cell, and keep them in close confinement until 
further orders." 

County Jail, Springfield, Ga., ) 
Saturday, December 17. ) 

Springfield is a very pleasant little village, on the 
Middle Ground Road. It is the County seat of Ef- 
fingham county, and, before the war, contained sev- 
eral fine public buildings, which have recently been 
laid in ruins by the hostile armies. 

We were tbe only military prisoners confined in 
the jail, which was then in the hands of the military 
authorities. We were kindly allowed to leave our 
cell and go into the yard to take the fresh air. The 
news spread rapidly that there were two live Yanks 
in the Jail yard. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 27l 

The citizens became alarmed and enraged to think 
that we should be permitted to leave the cell, and 
threatened to take the keys into their own hands, if 
we were not taken back. 

The officer in charge told them that he was per- 
sonally responsible for our safe keeping, and that 
they need not give themselves any uneasiness. 

Crowds of people gathered around this yard and 
looked upon us with the greatest wonder. Discover- 
ing that we were comparatively harmless, and were 
human, several ventured to ask us many curious ques- 
tions. I found them to be the most ignorant class of 
people that I had ever met in the South. Many of 
them supposed, until very recently, that all Yankees 
were cut out after the pattern of Diabolus, which our 
good old grandmothers used to take delight in point- 
ing out to us, and consisted of an ugly-featured crea- 
ture, with horns and hoofs, and usually armed with a 
pitch -fork or scythe. 

Their ideas of our good President and of the war 
were laughable in the extreme. Their mode of 
speech was as bad as that of the most ignorant slaves 
we had met on the plantations. Ignorance among 
the masses of the white people in the South is as gen- 
eral as it is shocking. Education is confined to the 
few, whose wealth enables them to send their children 
to northern schools, or to engage a northern teacher 
as private tutor in their families. School-houses are 
scarcely ever found, and thus gross darkness euvelops 
the people. This may account for the vast power 
which southern politicians exercise over the masses, a 
power which will diminish as enlightenment increases. 



272 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Middle Ground Koad, near Springfield, Ga., ) 
Sunday, December 18. ) 

In the afternoon, we were brought up before a 
Military Commission, composed of officers from Gen- 
eral Wheeler's staff. 

The officials had already became pretty well satis- 
fied that we were only prisoners of war, and all they 
did, was to ask us where we were captured, where we 
had been imprisoned, when we made our escape, etc. 
This farce of a trial being over, a heavy guard was 
detailed from the Second Georgia Cavalry, with in- 
structions to proceed with us to Waynesboro', together 
with fifteen prisoners from our Fourteenth Army 
Corps, who were captured while out on a foraging 
expedition a few days ago. 

From them I gained much valuable information 
concerning the situation of our army. 

I also learned where the Rebel troops were sta- 
tioned in General Sherman's rear. Such information 
was very important in the event of another attempt 
to escape. ISTo rations were issued to us. The Rebel 
troops depended entirely on foraging for their supplies, 
and seemed to care very little for the wants of the 
prisoners. A few ears of corn were all we had to 
keep soul and body together. As night drew on, we 
were in very low spirits, owing to the fact that all at- 
tempts to elude the vigilance of the guards during 
the. day had failed. 

ATTEMPTS TO ESCAPE. 

I first urged the prisoners to straggle, so as to 



AND THE ESCAPE. 273 

lengthen the column as much as possible, thinking 
that if we were permitted so to do, I might succeed 
in dodging into a swamp unobserved ; but the vigi- 
lant sergeant was too shrewd to be duped in this man- 
ner, and instructed his men to keep us closed up. 

Failing in this scheme, I hoped that the sergeant 
would continue to march us during the night, in 
which case I could take advantage of the darkness 
and make off at my pleasure ; but in this plan also I 
was destined to be disappointed; for much against 
my wishes we came to a halt but a few moments 
after dark, and were hurried into an old building for 
the night. 

Just before halting we passed through a large 
swamp, where the water was so deep in the road as to 
compel each man to use his own discretion in making 
his way through. 

The guard did their best to keep us together and 
prevent escapes ; but in spite of their exertions one 
of our enlisted men fell out, whose absence was soon 
noticed by the sergeant. 

VERIFYING REBEL DETAILS. 

We succeeded in convincing him that all the pris- 
oners were present with whom he had started from 
Springfield. Our programme was this : I found out 
the absent man's name ; and then, as the sergeant 
had a list of the prisoners, I volunteered to call the 
roll for him. 

After getting us into a safe position, he lighted a 
piece of pitch pine, and handed me the list, while I 
proceeded to call the roll. Every man present an- 



274 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

swered promptly to his name, but when I came to the 
name of the absentee, (according to previous instruc- 
tion) all affirmed that no such man had been among 
us. The sergeant concluded that said name had 
found its way upon the roll through mistake, and no 
further search was made. 

Under ordinary circumstances, I should be far 
from volunteering ,to aid a Rebel in verifying his 
details ; but, in this case, I thought that by a little 
ingenuity, a fellow-sufferer might return to liberty; 
for had not this scheme been devised, strenuous ef- 
forts would have been made by the guards to insure 
his capture. Picked men would have been detailed, 
hounds called out, and a few hours, at the furthest, 
would doubtless have convinced the unfortunate vic- 
tim how little hope there is for him who seeks to 
shun the horrors of prison life by an escape. 

Our quarters for the night were tolerably com- 
fortable, and our soiree was enlivened by the good 
humor of one of the guards, who, having seen some- 
thing of the world, was inclined to make light of the 
verdant and somewhat peculiar speeches of his more 
unfortunate fellow-Georgians, who had never before 
passed the limits of the swamps that surround their 
dreary homesteads. In the course of this cavalier's 
yarn spinning, he told us a good story of an old lady 
to whom he had applied for bread during the day. It 
was designed to show her appreciation of General 
Wheeler. She struck out as follows : " Mr. "Wheeler 
and his critter-company drove into my back yard 
t'other day, tipped my ashhopper over, and drawed 
out ten streaks of fight half a mile long, with his 



AND THE ESCAPE. 215 

wagon-guns on the ends of 'em— and when he went 
away he never paid me nary cent. I allers thought 
you'uns was a decenter set of men, but the Tanks 
theirselves is no wusser. Now, ef you'uns don't go 
'long and leave us what little we've got, we'll surely 
perish." „ 

" SHERMANS BUMMERS. 

It was no uncommon thing for citizens to dread 
and detest their own Kebel hordes as heartily as they 
did the "boys in blue," unless it was "Sherman's 
bummers," as they were called, whose only business 
was to vacate pantries and poultry-yards, and to 
search, with an almost sure prospect of success, for 
plate, jewelry, and other rich goods, which the people 
had buried in the pathways and gardens adjoining 
their dwellings. 

Our humorous guard kept us wide awake as long 
as it was proper, with his well-told anecdotes, and, at 
times, in spite of our bondage, -convulsed the whole 
party with laughter. 

ftfoMttg-fonrilj §ag. 

Sylvania, Ga.,) 

Monday, December 19. J 

We commenced our inarch at daybreak, and, after 
traveling twenty-five miles, halted for the night near 
Sylvania. This is a small town, and to all appear- 
ances of but little importance. It is situated on the 
Middle Ground Koad, midway between Springfield 
and Waynesboro'. The armies did not halt here ; 
and, consequently, the people knew but little of the 
sad realities resulting from the devastating tread ot 
armed hosts. 



276 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

They were generally disposed to be talkative and 
friendly. Maiiy of them besieged the guard and 
prisoners with questions and observations. This was 
just what we wanted, for the guard could not be 
vigilant when entertaining citizens. 

Early in the evening we were stationed on the 
porch of a large unoccupied building, and the sen- 
tinels were posted in front in a semicircular form. 
It was determined that here we should spend the 
night. 

Soon after halting, the sergeant came to me and 
said, " My foragers have found some corn-bread and 
sweet potatoes, which you see at the other end of 
the porch. I will give you all some potatoes, and 
keep the bread for the guard." " Yery well — very 
well," I said, and continued to myself, " If we are 
permitted to remain outside the building till dark, 
your guard will get very little of that bread, unless it 
is issued soon." As he was walking away, I called to 
him, " Sergeant, have you any objection to our re- 
maining outside till after supper, as we shall want to 
use thefire ? " 

After looking carefully around and hesitating a 
moment, he answered, " Ye-es, I reckon you can." 
" Thank you — thank you," I replied ; " We will 
consider it a privilege." 

This favor being granted, my mind was set at 
once on the rampage for a plan of escape, which was 
soon matured, and which time proved to be success- 
ful. 



AND TEE ESCAPE. 211 



CHAPTER XVI. 

THE ESCAPE FROM SYLVANIA, GEORGIA. 

ftfoentg-fiftlj gag. 

In a Swamp near Sylvania, Ga.,) 
Tuesday, December 20, 1864. ) 

Darkness was settling down over the scene last de- 
scribed, and, though almost completely exhausted by 
the long march of the clay, the prospect of a supper just 
at hand, and of something even better than " meat and 
drink " after it, quite relieved me of all weakness, and 
nerved me for another desperate attempt to escape. 
The sergeant of the guard had told me that a pile of 
sweet potatoes was reserved for the prisoners, and so 
calling the attention of Lieutenant J. W. "Wright, 
Tenth Iowa Volunteers, who was then conversing with 
a citizen, I asked him if it was not time for him to 
draw his potato rations. At the same time I gave 
him a significant look, which only prisoners of long 
experience, like ourselves, could understand, and 
which he quickly interpreted to mean a change of 
base. Hastily withdrawing from the citizen, he met 
me on the porch, where I communicated to him my 
plan, and inquired if he would join me in its execu- 
tion. He replied, without hesitation, that he was up 
to anything but going back to South Carolina, and 



278 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

would not shrink from bearing a hand in any move 
which I might make to escape from Rebel cruelty. 

Lemon, my long-tried companion, was so pecu- 
liarly circumstanced, as to be prevented from par- 
ticipating in this plan, and was taken back to 
Columbia. I will here say that Wright was also 
an escaped prisoner from Columbia, whom I had 
often met during my imprisonment there ; he left 
Columbia a few days after Lemon and myself, but 
unfortunately, like us, was recaptured at a time when 
he felt that he was about to bid adieu to the scenes 
of his suffering. 

Finding that " escape on the brain " was "Wright's 
prevailing malady, I lost no time in making what I 
considered the necessary preliminaries. 

I first saw one of the prisoners, who, I had been 
told by the sergeant, would be allowed to issue the 
potatoes. I requested him to make the issue upon 
receiving a certain signal from me, which I made him 
understand perfectly. 

I then asked Wright to step to the end of the 
porch, near where the corn-bread lay, that was in- 
tended for the Rebel guard. I followed immediately 
after, but was observed by the sergeant, who seemed 
to wonder at this singular flank movement ; he said 
nothing, however, for we allayed his suspicion of our 
intentions, by sitting clown and entering into conver- 
sation. In a moment more a citizen came up, and 
called his attention from us. 

The signal was made, and the half-starved men 
closed up for their potatoes. It was now quite dark ; 
I hastily took possession of the corn-bread, and taking 



AND THE ESCAPE. 21 Q 

advantage of the crowd, which screened us from the 
guard, we sloped for a small clump of bushes that 
were but a few rods distant. Our sudden move was 
fortunately unnoticed, until after the distribution of 
the potatoes. Great excitement then prevailed. 

The sergeant suddenly arousing himself, ex- 
claimed, " By dog on't, the d d Yankee officers 

have done gone, and taken all our corn-bread. I will 
have them, if it costs me a horse." 

Calling out a corporal and four men, he instructed 
them to proceed to a plantation for hounds, and to 
bring back the Yanks either dead or alive. He 
thought it probable that we would take the Spring- 
field road, as that was the nearest route to our lines. 

We were all this time so near the guard that we 
could hear distinctly every word that was spoken, 
and, as a matter of course, understood the programme 
perfectly. 

We decided with the sergeant, that the route by 
way of Springfield was unquestionably the one to be 
preferred ; but we did not consider it policy to strike 
the road when we knew it would soon be patrolled 
with guards and hounds, and concluded not to be in 
any hurry until the excitement was over. 

As soon as we thought quietness was sufficiently 
restored to warrant a safe movement, under cover of 
the darkness and woods, we hurriedly decamped from 
our place of concealment, and made our way around 
to the Middle Ground road, over which we had passed 
but a few hours before under guard. We leaped 
across it, so as to avoid the suspicion which tracks 
would very naturally excite, and hastened into a large 



280 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

swamp but a short distance from town. While there, 
we decided upon the course to be pursued, which was 
recommended by "Wright. 

The lieutenant had been over the Middle Ground 
road before, to within a few miles of Springfield, 
where he was recaptured ; and his experience we 
considered a valuable possession, as we intended to 
get back to Springfield as quickly as possible, and 
then strike for some point on the Savannah, near 
which Lemon and I were retaken. 

We remained in the swamp until after ten o'clock, 
when Wright started up and bade me follow. We 
then went in quest of an old negro hut, where he 
had before been befriended. It was within a stone's 
throw of the plantation house, and therefore not safe- 
ly approached without a thorough reconnoissance. 

Secreting me in a corner of the fence which sur- 
rounds the plantation, Wright proceeded forthwith to 
the hut in which he knew 

OLD RICHARD 

slept. This was the name of the brave and kind- 
hearted negro, who had supplied him with hoe-cake 
and bacon, just before his recapture. 

Richard had to consume some time in ecstasies of 
delight at his opportunity of welcoming again as 
guest his old friend Massa Wright, whom he had suc- 
cored during his previous escape, and whom he had 
the mortification to see pass back toward Sylvania a 
prisoner in the afternoon. 

With all due formality, I was soon introduced to 
this swarthy descendant of Ham, whose heart was as 



AND THE ESCAPE. 281 

white as his skin was black, and whose warm and 
hearty shake of the hand convinced rne, beyond a 
doubt, that he was an earnest friend to the Yankee, 
who would not hesitate to stake his life, if necessary, 
in an endeavor to further our wishes. 

Wright said that he had found a friend, and that 
I must make arrangements for the " grub." I said 
to Richard, " We want to leave this place to-mor- 
row night at twelve o'clock, and would like to take 
four days' rations with us. Can you let us have some 
bacon and sweet potatoes to put with our corn-bread ? " 

"Pootyhard case, Massa ; but dis yer darkey '11 
do de best he can. Can't get nuffin on dis planta- 
tion, but reckon I can buy some tatoes down at 
Massa Smith's, three miles from yer, and will go down 
thar after I finish my task to-morrer. As to meat," 
he said, u you know, Massa, dat in de Souf de .slave 
takes what de white folks frow& away ; and I reckon 
you all couldn't eat a tainted ham dat old massa gib 
me t'other day ; but if you can, God knows dis chile 
gibs it to you wid all his heart." 

I gave him to understand that we should be great- 
ly obliged for the described ham ; as we had become 
so entirely oblivious to the sense of taste that we did 
not stop to question the quality of anything which 
could be eaten by man. 

LODGED IN A PINE-TREE TOP. 

Having settled the question of rations, we next 
addressed ourselves to the question of lodgings, and 
desired Richard to take us to some safe spot, where 
no Rebel would ever think of coming. Leading the 



282 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

way, our colored friend conducted us to a swamp, 
and found a secure place of concealment in the top 
of an old pine-tree. 

Here we spent the day unmolested and unobserv- 
ed by any one. The whippoorwill and turtle-dove 
enlivened the hours with their inspiring notes, and as 
night began to approach, the gloomy owl from the 
tree-tops uttered his solemn warning-cry. The pine 
and cypress, swayed by the breeze, moaned a per- 
petual chorus, and under their tuition we learned, 
during the long, dreary hours, how much we were in- 
debted to these dismal wilds, that have concealed 
alike both friend and foe. 

Here the Rebel deserter concealed himself from his 
pursuers. Here the loyalist found a hiding-place from 
the Rebel conscripting officer. Here the trembling 
negro had his first taste of freedom. Here the escaped 
prisoner was enabled to baffle blood-hounds and human 
hounds, and make his way to the Federal lines. 

I alwa} T s considered that a prisoner of war was 
justified in making his escape, and might claim the 
consideration due to a human being, even though he 
were depriving his enemies of the fruits of victory ; 
and it hardly seems possible that in our own free 
country such an one should be tracked with blood- 
hounds, like a wild beast, and shot down without 
mercy, like an outlaw. 

I cannot help asking, with the poet Whittier,— 

" Is tliis the land our fathers loved, 

The freedom which they toiled to win ? 
Is this the earth -whereon they moved ? 
Are these the graves they slumber in ? " 



d- 



y\ 



AND THE ESCAPE. 285 

and with much show of dignity, walked away with- 
out deeming it worth while to salute us. We were 
not much offended at their silent courtesy. 

A large cavalry patrol passed near us, and judg- 
ing it not safe to be very demonstrative, we ate our 
sweet potatoes raw — they composing our only ra- 
tions — as a fire was out of the question. 

We had, up to that time, no reliable information 
with regard to General Sherman's array. The 
bridges across all the principal streams were either 
broken down, or heavily guarded, to check the ad- 
vance of raiding parties. The planters drove their 
stock far into the swamps, and remained with it dur- 
ing the day, returning at night to their plantations. 

An old woman came down into the swamp in 
plain sight of us, and called her " critters " together 
to feed them. We would gladly have answered the 
call for ration's sake, had it been prudent. 

We found an old darkey near our hiding-place, 
splitting rails, and warmed ourselves a few moments 
at his fire, as it was very cold and raining fiercely, 
after which we sought our shelter again, and made 
a roof of our blankets to keep off the rain. This old 
friend promised to find us in the evening, and bring 
some hoe-cake. What was best of all, he could repair 
my shoes. These old shoes, like many other unim- 
portant things, have a history. Shortly after my cap- 
ture I was relieved of my cavalry boots, and a pair 
of pasted shoes given me, which yielded to the first 
moisture and left me quite as bad as barefoot. A fel- 
low-prisoner, having received a remittance of good 
things from home, among them a pair of boots, kindly 



236 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

presented me with his shoes. Smile not, gentle read- 
er, at the gift, for to me they were invaluable ; and 
with these I marched many weary miles, although 
they were patched and wired together until little re- 
mained of their former substance, and now they were 
well-nigh gone. Cuff'ee took them home, and spent 
the greater part of the night in making them answer 
their appointed end. A piece of 'possum skin form- 
ed the uppers, which was nicely tucked under. The 
whole shoe was covered with the skin, and a slit made 
in the top, in the right place, or somewhere near it, 
to admit the foot. I was disposed to find fault at 
first with their generous dimensions, but soon learned, 
partly from the good darkey and partly from expe- 
rience, that the cobbler knew best, for the 'possum 
skin, though soft and pliable when moist, is hard and 
wrinkled as a horn when dry. 

This man took us in the evening to the negro 
quarters, and the warm-hearted blacks insisted on our 
staying with them all night, as it was cold and rainy. 



Jiffoeitilj Ipajr. 

I, FIVE MILKS F 

Saturday, December 10. 



Near Godbey's Bridge, five miles from Alexander, Ga., ) 



Before morning our negro friends conducted us 
back to the swamp, where we spent another gloomy, 
disagreeable day. The rain kept drizzling from the 
clouds and trees the livelong day. We had nothing 
to eat but an ear of dry corn, picked up on an old 
camping ground, and refused by some aristocratic 
horse. 

Our black cobbler came at night and piloted us to 



AND THE ESCAPE. 237 

Brier Creek, which we crossed at Godbey's Bridge, 
and thence proceeded wearily to Alexander. Lemon 
knocked at the door of a hut, where lie found a poor 
white woman, of whom he inquired the road toMillin, 
but she knew nothing about it. 

Near Alexander we found a huge shanty, about 
one hundred feet in length, used as the quarters for 
negroes employed in the Rebel iron-works, which were 
near. After reconnoitring the building for about half 
an hour, we entered it. Fortune favored us — the in- 
mates were all negroes, and when we had received all 
needed information as to our best routes, we thanked 
them, bade them good night, and pushed on 



238 TEE CAPTURE, TEE PUIS ON PEN, 



CHAPTER XIV. 

THE ESCAPE FOLLOWING THE EEBEL ARMY IN 

GEORGIA. 

i§hiecttt|j £lmi. 

Between Station No. 1 and Millin, Ga., ) 
Sunday, December 11. f 

From Alexander we made good progress until 
about midnight, wlien our advance was intercepted by 
a large creek. We were in quite a dilemma. A faith- 
ful search could discover no bridge, nor fallen trees 
spanning the stream, as would be the case in many in- 
stances, nor any other means of crossing. The night 
was bitterly cold, so that ice formed plentifully on still 
water. And yet there seemed to be no other way but 
to wade. 

Sitting on a log and ruminating over our chances, 
a very selfish piece of strategy suggested itself. Ac- 
cordingly I said to Lemon, " There is no use of both 
getting wet ; we can carry each other over these 
streams. If you will carry me over this, I will carry 
you over the next." I said " these streams," although 
only one was before us, and the most prominent thought 
in my mind was, that in all probability there would 
be no other. 

Lemon somehow failed to see the point, and con- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 239 

sented. Accordingly, taking off our shoes, I mount- 
ed on the lieutenant's shoulders, as school-boys some- 
times carry each other, and he staggered through the 
stream with me, doing no worse than wetting my feet. 
This worked well. I congratulated myself, and gave 
a generous sympathy to Lemon in his shiverings. The 
chances were ten to one, I thought, that the carrying 
business was at an end, when suddenly another stream, 
wider than the first, rose up in the darkness before us. 
There was no use in wincing, and I stripped for the 
task. The lieutenant " ascended to the position he had 
fairly earned." I plunged into the water. The mid- 
dle of the stream was reached in safety, when, through 
no fault of mine, either the water became too deep, 
or my back became too weak for the burden, and the 
consequence was, the worthy gentleman was nearly 
as well soaked as myself when we reached the oppo- 
site shore. Selfishness, as well as virtue, sometimes 
brings its own reward. 

We crossed three other streams that night, and as 
a result of our past experience chose unanimously to 
do our own wading. Thus another grand scheme for 
human elevation fell to the ground. 

"Wet and weary we continued our tramp until 
nearly daylight, when quarters for the day were chosen 
in a cypress swamp close by a road over which Gen- 
eral Kilpatrick's' cavalry and the Fourteenth Army 
Corps had marched, but a week before. 

There were evident traces of their passage. The 
fences were gone, or lay half-consumed by the road- 
side. Buildings were still smoking in the distance, or 
standing charred and blackened. The ground was 



240 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

covered with ears of corn, torn haversacks and blank- 
ets, " hard-tack " boxes, broken muskets, dead horses 
and mules, and any quantity of debris, which may 
always be found in the desolating track of a large 
army. 

Being much exhausted with fatigue, and the 
weather being a little more favorable than usual, we 
slept the whole day without disturbance, as we did 
also the next night, not awaking until nearly morning. 

In a Swamp on the Savannah River Road, ) 
Monday, December 12. ) 

Having wasted the greater part of the night, we 
determined, at all hazards, to make our time good by 
traveling during the day. And yet the streams were 
so swollen that little progress could be made. 

We were evidently on General Sherman's trail, 
though he was six days in advance of us. In our phy- 
sical and mental weakness, we wondered whether 
the good man would halt if he knew we were in pur- 
suit of him. "We thought he would at least send a 
detachment to bring us to his lines. Suffering sol- 
diers can scarcely be induced to think anything of 
more importance than their own preservation. We 
determined to turn from the road to Millin, and follow 
the trail of the army. 

Hounds were on our track at one time during the 
day. Had the wretches known how little there was 
left of us, they would have given up the pursuit as 
fruitless, or meatless, at least. It may be that they 
suspected this, for we were not pursued far. It was 



AND THE ESCAPE. 241 

much safer traveling just here than it had been pre- 
viously ; for, as a general thing, Sherman's boys had 
killed all the hounds in their march, as they had 
heard of their being used to overtake escaped pris- 
oners. Most of the Rebels, also, had been either 
carried or frightened out of the country. 

One old sinner had unfortunately escaped, and we 
heard of his hunting Yankees on his own responsibil- 
ity, and gave him a wide berth. It may have been 
his hounds that followed us. Nothing could be more 
desirable, in escaping under such circumstances, than 
to have a small quantity of strychnine along. There 
would generally be means of making it an acceptable 
offering to the dogs. 

We turned from the road into a piece of woods, 
about four o'clock, and as the country was smoking 
in all directions, did not hesitate to make a fire and 
lie down on the grass beside it. During our sleep 
the fire had crept along the grass and laid hold of 
my pantaloons ; and when I awoke the outside seam 
of the leg next the fire was burned completely out. 
The fire had found appropriate food in the dry moss 
and reeds accumulated there, and so ran along them as 
it would run along a fence. Some strings from our 
large tow haversack served to sew the burnt edges 
together, and by nine in the evening we were again 
ready to take up our line of march. 

a^fanifc gag. 

Sixty miles north of Savannah, ) 
Tuesday, December 13. J 

We continued to travel in the trail of the armies. 
We were without food, and suffered much from hun- 
10* 



242 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ffer. £Tow and then we could find an ear of corn, 
left by a Rebel cavalryman. In the latter part of 
the night we stopped at a plantation, and, seeing no 
plantation house, concluded they were all negro 
huts. Approaching the most respectable looking 
one, I rapped at the door, when some one sang out, 
" Whose thar?" 

From the answer, I was unable to guess whether 
the occupants were black or white, and accordingly 
said, " Are you black or white in there? " 

The answer, " There a'n't no niggers here," and 
the very indignant tone, satisfied me that I had fallen 
upon some " poor white trash," as they are familiarly 
called. 

Determined to have something to eat, at all 
events, besides being anxious to learn something of 
our course, I assumed the tone of Southern dignity, 
and, summoning the speaker to the door, I demanded, 
in the name of an injured Rebel officer, why he was 
not forthcoming at once. 

Upon meeting " mine host," I soon found he had 
seen his best days ; and feeling quite at home, asked 
how long since our army had passed. 

" What army ? " he inquired, as if to make sure 
of no mistake. 

" The Eebel army, of course," I replied. He 
then told me Wheeler's cavalry had passed a week 
since, in pursuit of Sherman's rear-guard. 

" Can you tell me how far it is to Wheeler's head- 
quarters ? " I asked. 

" Indeed I can't," he answered, " but I reckon it's 
a right smart distance, sir." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 243 

" Are there any horses or mules in the neighbor- 
hood," I continued. 

" ]STary one," he replied ; " the cussed Yankees 
have cleaned us out, and done gone with our last 
piece of bread." 

"Well, come now, uncle, can't you give this 
Rebel something to eat % " 

" No, there's not a mouthful in the house ; we're 
whipped clean out." 

" I know better, sir," I said ; " you have bacon 
and sweet potatoes ; you must shell out, or I shall 
have to help myself." 

Rebel, wishing to shirk the responsibility of a false- 
hood from his own shoulders, called to Mrs. Rebel to 
know if there was anything eatable on the premises ; 
to which she replied, "I reckon you'll find something 
in the pantry ; " and in a moment more my un willing 
friend returned with a small bit of bread and two 
sweet potatoes. After receiving these, I delivered 
him a lecture upon his treatment of a soldier who had 
ventured all upon the defence of his country ; telling 
him he was unworthy the cause he had espoused, and 
that his patriotism did not reach to his pockets, to say 
nothing of his falsehood and mean attempts to de- 
fraud me of a breakfast. 

Expressing the hope that I should find him a bet- 
ter Rebel when we again met, I hurried off to Lemon, 
who was still waiting by the road, and with him 
shared our hard-earned meal with an appetite well 
whetted by hunger. 

Pushing on at a rapid rate in the direction of our 
army, we espied a person crossing the road a short 



244 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

distance before us ; and, as the whites seldom stir 
before daylight, our first conclusion was that we had 
found a colored friend, but we were soon undeceived 
by discovering a burly-looking white man. After 
passing the compliments of the morning, we inquired 
how long since our cavalry passed. "Last Tuesday," 
he replied ; and not wishing to detain him, we pro- 
ceeded on our way, grateful that our uniforms were 
hidden under our blankets, which answered at once 
as overcoats and a good disguise. 

Leaving planter ISTo. 2 to his own reflections, we 
reached a swamp at daybreak. Here we met two 
negroes going to their work, and, after a " Good morn- 
ing, boys," inquired the distance to the next plan- 
tation. 

" Jess a mild from this 'ere swamp, Massa." 

" Are there any white folks there ? " we asked. 

" Nary one, Massa, for 

DE PLANTER WAS A BUSHWACKEE, 

and Massa Sherman's company took 'em all orf." 

Wishing to have my stories of the morning agree 
(not knowing how soon they would be tested), I did 
not think it necessary to make myself known to my 
colored friends, but asked whether they had seen any 
of Wheeler's cavalry of late. 

" There's right smart of 'em down at Massa 
Brown's, three miles from de swamp, and dey's hazin' 
about de country in eb'ry direction." 

Feeling somewhat disconcerted with this piece of 
information, we, however, started for the plantation 
described. As we came in sight, I saw the house was 



AND THE ESCAPE. 245 

closed, but that smoke was rising from a but on the 
grounds, so made for it in double-quick time ; walked 
up to and opened the door without hesitation, when 
to my surprise and horror, I beheld 

A REBEL OFFICER 

sitting before the fire. Without the least hesitancy or 
trepidation, I advanced, gave him the military salute, 
and said, " I see yon too are in the service, sir ; but 
hope, like myself, you have not been unfortunate." 

" How unfortunate may you have been, sir? " he 
asked. JSTow I might have stated all the mishaps of 
my life ; but only quietly said, " I was in the cavalry 
fight at "Waynesboro' the other day, had my horse 
shot from under me, failed to get remounted, and 
have walked the entire distance to this place." 

" I reckon our cases are not very unlike, after 
all," he rejoined ; " I had my horse shot there too, 
but luckily got a mule ; " and, stepping to the door, 
he pointed out his long-eared animal, eating hay at 
the barn. 

Fearing he might get the start of me, I as'ked to 
what command he belonged. 

" The Fifty-third Alabama Mounted Infantry," he 
returned ; and then inquired my regiment. 

" The Third South Carolina Cavalry," I said ; and 
true it was, that my last service was in that State. 

I was careful to name some other State than Ala- 
bama, as he would be better posted with regard to 
the regiments of his own State than those of any 
other. Lemon, during this time, was walking un- 
easily backwards and forwards in front of the gate. 



246 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

He once carelessly remarked that we had better be 
going, but I thought haste would be the ruination of 
us, and so occupied a few minutes more in recounting 
the barbarities of General Sherman's army, remark- 
ing, " Now we have him just where we want him — 
between two swamps; and when he is thoroughly 
starved out we shall capture his entire army." 

The lieutenant seemed to indorse my remarks, 
notwithstanding my blue clothes; and just as I 
thought his suspicions rally allayed he remarked 
that " it was strange for a gentleman of my profes- 
sions to be dressed in Federal colors." 

I returned, " It is not strange at all, sir. A poor 
fellow must wear what he can get in these times. I 
have not had a full equipment since I came into the 
service, and I never expect one. You know, in the 
fight at Waynesboro' we captiu'ed a few Tanks ; and 
I just stripped a dead one, and appropriated his 
attire to myself." 

" A good idea," he said, pointing to his own tat- 
tered pants ; " I wish I had been as sensible." 

My poor stomach had gained nothing during this 
interview, so I asked, " Do you reckon aunty " — 
pointing to the woman of the house — " could give me 
some breakfast ? " 

" I reckon not, stranger," he returned ; " the 
Yanks have done gone with all the corn on this plan- 
tation ; but if you will go down to Mr. Brown's, you 
can get all you ask for. He was a good Union man 
when General Sherman passed through, and on that 
account had a guard set over his property ; then, 
when our army came along, he was all Secesh." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 247 

" Well, sir, I shall be at Mr. Brown's without de- 
lay, and shall be happy to breakfast with you there. 
How far do you call it to his plantation ? " 

"About two sights and a jambye," he returned, in 
true Rebel parlance. 

A " sight " was as far as one could see in that 
broken country, while a "jambye" nothing more 
than a swamp, — terms which gave me a very accurate 
measurement of the distance. 

But, not interrupting him for any explanation of 
his Southern vocabulary, the good officer continued 
to inform me that it was fifty-two miles to Savannah, 
about thirty-five to the rear of Sherman's army, and 
twenty-five to Wheeler's headquarters, adding as he 
closed, " It's a smart walk you'll have, I reckon." 

With a hearty, " Thank you, sir, and a good morn- 
ing ; we shall meet you at Mr. Brown's," we left 
him, and kept the road until entirely out of his 
range, when we suddenly struck into a swamp. 
Messrs. Brown & Co. may be still waiting that 
breakfast for us, for aught I know ; may they wait 
and watch with due patience. 

We made rapid strides for a mile or more, and 
finally concealed ourselves in some bushes. Seeing 
a smoke in the woods, we crept towards it, and 
found a black man and his wife, 

INTERESTING CONTRABANDS, 

lying by the fire. After arousing them, we learned 
their history. 

They had followed General Sherman's army from 
Burke County, Georgia, and, being encamped on an 



248 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

island in Big Ebenezer Creek, with four or five 
hundred others, were shelled out by the Rebels, and 
compelled to seek safety by flight into the swamps. 

In this way they had lost their company, and 
reasoning that if the slaves were all emancipated they 
would be free when the war ended, without any 
trouble of their own, they resolved to go back to 
their masters. 

We were at this time without food and very 
hungry, and as our colored friends had nothing but 
a little shelled corn, we lent Sambo our haversack, 
and sent him to find some negroes, detaining Dinah 
as a hostage for his safe return. He rather objected 
to the risk of such an expedition, but as we were 
very urgent, at last complied, while we sat roasting 
and eating corn during his absence. He brought 
back some sweet potatoes, which were in no way 
objectionable. 

Very soon the worthy couple decided, after a 
little persuasion on our part, that they were not in 
very safe quarters, and consequently left us in full 
possession of the fire and potatoes, the latter of 
which we roasted in the former. Here we spent 
the remainder of the day and the early part of the 
following night. 

On the Savannah River Road, ) 
Wednesday, December 14. J 

"We did not travel much till after midnight, when 
we pursued our way without interruption till day- 
light ; then turned into a swamp. We heard the 
sound of an axe. Early in the afternoon, Lemon 



AND THE ESCAPE. 251 

went to reconnoitre, while I sat down to write in my 
journal. I had no pencil of my own, but Lemon had 
a short piece which he kindly lent me. Having no 
knife, I was obliged to sharpen it by picking the 
wood away from the lead with my finger nails. 

CRITICAL SITUATION. 

Lemon soon returned in extreme consternation. 
Seeing a negro, he had walked boldly up to him, 
when, to his utter dismay, he saw a great burly 
white man sitting on a log. Springing from the log, 
the planter demanded almost in a fury, " What are 
you doing here in a blue uniform ? " 

The lieutenant replied, " I am serving my coun- 
try, as every loyal man should do." 

The planter then said, " I believe you're a d d 

Yankee." 

Lemon returned the gallant answer, " You are 
welcome to your opinion, old Blowhard, — this is a 

free country. I am a Yankee — all but the d d 

— and what do you propose to do about it % " 

"We'll see, we'll see," said the planter, and at 
the same time started hurriedly toward the house. 
Lemon came back double quick, and we suddenly 
decamped, supposing of course that the planter had 
gone for his gun and hounds. 

Taking the sun for a guide, we set off in a south- 
easterly direction, and did not venture to halt before 
dark. 

We were pursued by hounds for more than two 
miles, but struck a stream of water, and waded up 
a half mile to evade our pertinacious followers. This 



252 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

put them off the scent, as it usually did. The cow- 
ardly old stay-at-home had been true to his instincts. 
Nature had printed no lie on his face. He might have 
taken Lemon by the collar, and walked him off to his 
home as he would a negro boy ; but his big fists had no 
manly courage to back them, and he lost his prey. 

During our run we found some ears of corn and 
a piece of pork, left by the army. The meat was 
badly tainted, but no matter — it was no time to be 
fastidious. Making a small fire, we roasted it, and 
made a good meal. There was no prospect of better, 
for the country was thoroughly stripped, and there 
were very few negroes left to befriend us. 

As we loitered around our little fire, we observed, 
through the bushes, several planters galloping along 
to take possession of Sherman's corduroy road through 
the swamp just ahead of us, thinking, no doubt, that 
we could not possibly find another passage through it. 
This put us on our guard, and we secreted ourselves 
securely until late in the night, when we determined 
again to rob these hunters of human game of their 
prey, by flanking their position. 

©fomtwtjj §ag. 

In a Swamp near Big Ebenezer Creek, ) 
Thursday, December 15. \ 

It was about midnight when we began to creep 
cautiously up to the edge of the swamp. A large fire 
soon marked the locality of the planters' picket. We 
could do nothing but venture out in the mud and 
water of the hateful swamp, which we did on the left 
flank of the guarding party. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 253 

It was a terrible undertaking, but there was no 
alternative. Sometimes we were whelmed to our 
armpits in the holes, and had it not been for the roots 
of trees and bushes, upon which we could step and 
seize with our hands, we could never have escaped 
with our lives. And had it not been for the severe 
exercise, we would have perished with the cold. But 
hope and labor kept our bodies and spirits warm, and 
so we pushed our way through as best we could. If 
Bunyan's pilgrim had half as hard a task as this 
when struggling through the Slough of Despond, we 
felt to pity him, and to glory in his perseverance and 
success. 

At no time were we further than about fifteen 
rods of the pickets, and in consequence of the many 
obstacles in our way, and of frequently stopping to 
rest, and of moving so cautiously to avoid any noise, 
we were about two hours in going only a few hundred 
yards. But we escaped our wily adversaries safely. 
Several other pickets, however, were passed later in 
the night ; to some of them we were so near as to 
hear their conversation about the " desolating march 
of Sherman's hosts " ; but, as the ground was firmer, 
we had no difficulty in turning their flank. The ]ast 
picket was passed at the edge of the swamp skirting 
the Big Ebenezer Creek. This swamp was cordu- 
royed, but unguarded. 

On either side of the road the land was entirely 
submerged, and it would not have been among things 
possible to travel through it. Three miles or more 
brought us to the stream, which was very wide. 

The bridge had been burned, and we stood on the 



254 THE CAPTURE, THE P1US0N PEN, 

charred abutment, surrounded by water, with no 
visible means of making a crossing. All our inspec- 
tion could bring to light nothing satisfactory. Day- 
light was just coming, and, through the rising mists, 
we could discern the opposite shore. Did the Israel- 
ites more earnestly long for the Arabian shore of the 
Red Sea, than we for that misty land beyond the 
stream ? They were pursued by the hosts of Egyptian 
tyrants, we, by no less blood-thirsty Rebels. A sense 
of desolation crept over us. A broad stream lay be- 
fore us, and an impenetrable swamp all around, while 
we possessed nothing but " Uncle Zeb's " knife to 
assist us. 

We finally thought of secreting ourselves, and of 
stealing back past the pickets at night, to get boards 
with which to construct a raft. Just how this was to 
be done we did not know; but it was a plan, and 
better than no plan at all. 

Accordingly, we began to search for a place of 
concealment, and soon found very 

UNEXPECTED AID. 

Walking back along the road towards the picket, 
we saw what had the appearance of being a cordu- 
royed walk leading out into the swamp. Following 
this, and jumping from log to log, we soon came to 
an island, or elevated plat of ground, in the midst of 
the swamp. No discussion was needed to determine 
that this was the place we were looking for. Men 
had evidently rested there before. Old pieces of gar- 
ments and blankets were strewn around, and here 
and there were the charred remains of fires. Select- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 255 

ing as secluded and cozy a spot as possible, we soon 
fell asleep, being weary with our long and dreary 
traujp. Our nap, however, was very short. Lemon 
soon shook me by the arm, and whispered in my 
ear that he had heard a noise like that of oars falling 
into a boat. Most persons are familiar with this pe- 
culiar ringing sound. 

Wide awake then, we watched the road, and soon 
saw two Rebel couriers pass along with papers in 
their hands. 

After waiting till they were well, past, we crept 
out of our lair, and watched them till they were out 
of sight, when we went down to the river's edge. 
Here we found an old boat, drawn up among the 
trees of the swamp, and tied with a rope. 

Seeing the coast apparently clear on the opposite 
side, it was the w r ork of a moment only to get the 
craft back into the stream. There was no quarreling 
for the post of honor, but each making the best use 
of the two broken paddles with which the boat was 
equipped, we were soon landed " on the other shore," 
having passed " dry-shod." 

After pushing our boat down stream, we discovered 
the body of a dead cavalryman. From his general 
appearance, and the few fragments of uniform re- 
maining unpilfered upon his body, we concluded he 
was a Federal soldier, and though unable to give him 
a decent burial, we gently laid him in the water, and 
left the 'mournful spot in haste. Following the cor- 
duroy, we soon came to two horses tied under the 
trees. They evidently belonged to the couriers. It 
was a hazardous affair throughout, but thinking the 



256 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

danger would be no greater on horseback than on 
foot, we borrowed the gentlemen's horses. 

We had a splendid ride, the first for many a 
weary month, and we sailed along like birds, for at 
least two miles, when, the country becoming more 
open, and it being in broad daylight, we reluctantly 
dismounted, slipped bridles, and let the noble animals 
loose to grass. We thought the horses were quite as 
well satisfied' with our treatment, as they would have 
been with that of their true masters, and we parted 
from each other with mutual regrets. 

Turning into the woods we soon heard voices in 
the distance. They proved to be Rebel pickets. 
Fearing to venture any more that day, we found a 
close retreat, and lay down for the day, employing 
our waking hours in eating corn from the cob — our 
only diet for several days. Quietly we slept until 
nearly midnight, and, then, flanking the picket before 
us, we pursued our dangerous journey. 



AND THE ESCAPE- 283 

How wonderfully degenerated have become these 
unworthy descendants of the .mighty fathers of the 
Revolution. Could their spirits but speak from the 
heavens, in pitying tones, they would plead with these 
fiends incarnate, not to stain the pages of history by 
acts so foul and barbarous that the most unfeeling 
savage would shrink with horror from their contem- 
plation. 

STfoenfg-sH-ljj §lag. 

Between Sylvania and Springfield, Ga., ) 
Wednesday, December 21. ) 

In our eager haste to reach something more conge- 
nial than this swamp-life, the hours of the day had 
seemed to move on leaden wings ; but night came at 
length, and, at the spot agreed upon the night before, 
near a spring on his master's plantation, Old Richard 
was found promptly at the appointed hour. 

He gave us the tainted meat which has been be- 
fore described, and a few sweet potatoes. This was 
the best that he could do for us ; and after we had 
asked God to bless him for his kindness, and told him 
that we believed the day was not far distant when he 
would be a free man, we started on our way rejoicing, 
hoping that we might reach our lines before we 
should need another supply. We walked about twenty- 
five miles after leaving Richard, for the most part 
keeping the road over which we had marched pris- 
oners on our way to Sylvania. 

Our progress was necessarily very slow, for, to 
use an army phrase, I was about " played out, v from 
starvation and long exposure. My weight could not 
have been more than ninety pounds; though my 



284 THE CAPTVliE, THE PRISON PEN, 

usual weight is about one hundred and forty. Wright 
was a hardy Western man, much larger than myself, 
and, besides, he had a good pair of shoes, which are 
almost indispensable to the success of an escaped pris- 
oner. They were given him by a negro, soon after 
his escape from Columbia. During the night's tramp 
he carried me through several swamps on his back, 
as I was entirely too weak to make my way alone 
without falling into the slough-holes. Nothing occur- 
red during the night to lessen our chances of reach- 
ing Sherman's lines, although at one time we were 
much startled on seeing two men, who proved to be 

REBEL DESERTERS, 

as we ascertained by their conversation. We had 
barely time to turn from the road and secrete our- 
selves behind a log, when they passed over the very 
spot where we had stood but a moment before. It 
was a bright moonlight night ; and had they been 
looking for Yanks, they could have seen us very read- 
ily ; but it appeared from their conversation that they 
were conscripts, and that, not feeling disposed to fight 
against the defenders of the "old flag," they had 
deserted from General Wheeler's command, and were 
making their way back to their homes in Tennessee. 
We did not venture to hail them, but thinking that for 
the alleged reasons they were justified in deserting 
the Rebel ranks, we silently wished them success, and 
pushed on. 

At the break of day we came to a halt in what 
appeared to be a safe hiding-place, entirely removed 
from the haunts of men ; but broad daylight convin- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 285 

ced us that we were within a few rods of a plantation, 
where the bustle and noise we heard indicated no little 
danger. Slyly at first, but rapidly at last, we "got 
up and dusted." A half-mile heat brought us to a 
swamp, where, between the roots of an ancient cypress, 
we found a safe retreat. 

During the day our ears were greeted with the 
boom of heavy cannonading in the direction of Savan- 
nah. We found a twofold pleasure in the sound : 
first, it indicated that our army was at work, giving 
Rebellion, as we hoped, its death-blow ; and second, 
it marked the direction of our course, and told us 
plainly that we were not very far from the friends we 
longed to meet. 

OX OCR WAY, WITH RENEWED OBSTACLES, 

Thursday, December 22. 

As we knew the moon was not to rise till about 
midnight, we determined to get an early start and 
improve the darkness. Accordingly we set out at an 
early hour, and had not proceeded far, when a plan- 
tation became visible before us. 

"Wright said, " Glazier, if you would like a good 
supper and something to put in the haversack, I will 
tell you how you can make a raise on a safe scale, by 
just representing yourself to be a Rebel, and trusting 
to your face." 

It was certainly not advisable to neglect such an 
opportunity of replenishing our commissary supplies, 
and I requested him to state the particulars. He re- 
plied that he had been credibly informed, that the 
plantation house, towards which we were directing 
12 



"} 



286 TIIE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

our eyes, was occupied by a planter's wife and some 
small children, whose husband and father was in the 
Rebel army. He had also learned that there were no 
hounds on the place. 

INTERVIEW WITH MRS. KEYTON. 

After hearing the details, and having agreed upon 
signals of danger, should any occur, I started on my 
foraging expedition with a good degree of assurance 
of success. 

Stepping up to the door of the mansion, I rapped, 
and a very intelligent lady soon made her appearance. 
I asked, " Can you give this Rebel a supper ? " She 
replied, " You shall have the best the house affords," 
and invited me to step in and take a seat by the fire. 
I did so, saying, as I took my seat, " Madam, I am 
shocked at the dastardly conduct of General Sherman 
in his march throuovh Georgia. It has been character- 
ized by nothing but what should excite the revenge, 
and move to action, every man possessing a true 
southern spirit. Our aged citizens, who have banded 
together for mutual protection, have been treated 
as bushwhackers — have been driven from their homes, 
and their property confiscated. Our hounds, always 
true* to the interests of the South, have been shot 
down by the roadside for no other reason than that 
they were used in tracking escaped prisoners " 

Interrupting me here, the lady remarked, much to 
my surprise, that she could not see that the Yankees 
were much worse than the Confederates, after all. 
She said : 

"When the Yankee army passed through the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 287 

State, they took from the rich the supplies necessary 
for their sustenance ; and when our cavalry followed in 
the rear they took nearly all that was left, seeming to 
care but little for our wants, often stripping defence- 
less women and children of their last morsel of 
bread." 

"I regret, madam, that the conduct of our troops 
has been such as to give you reasons for complaint." 

"I, too, regret that our men have not proved 
themselves worthy of a cause which they appear so 
willing to defend." 

"Remember," I continued, "that our commissary 
department has been completely wrecked, and that 
we are entirely dependent upon the people for the 
subsistence of a large army." 

By the sad expression of her countenance, which 
accompanied and followed this remark, I saw clearly 
that she felt we had reached a crisis in the war, when 
Providence was 

TURNING THE TABLES, 
and she accordingly interrogated, 

" And what do you think of present prospects ? " 

I quickly responded, " Oar future looks dark, — 
our cause appears almost hopeless, but the sacrifices 
of our gallant dead remain unavenged. Therefore, 
'we must fight while there is a man left, and die in 
the last ditch.' " 

" If there be no longer any hope of success, sir, I 
should say that it would be better to lay down our 
arms at once, and go back under the old flag." 

"We must fight, Madam, we must fight? 

" But it is wickedness and worse than madness to 



288 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

continue this awful massacre of human beings, with- 
out some prospect of ultimate success." 

" Very true ; but we have lost all in this struggle, 
and must sell our lives as clearly as possible." 

By this time the good lady seemed to have waxed 
as enthusiastic and warm as the fire over which the 
servant was preparing my supper, and she added : 

"My husband is a captain in the Twenty-fifth 
Georgia Infantry. He is the father of these children, 
and is very dear to both them and me. Long have I 
prayed that he might be spared to return to his 
family, but fear that we shall never be permitted to 
see him again. "When he entered the army I admired 
his patriotism, and was glad to see him go in defence 
of what I supposed to be the true policy of the 
southern people ; but we have been deceived from the 
beginning by our military and political leaders. It is 
time to open our eyes, and see what obstinacy has 
brought us. We are conquered. Let us return to 
the administration of the Federal government, ere we 
are ruined." 

" Madam, your sympathies appear to be largely 
with the Yankees." 

" It is not strange, sir ; I was born and educated in 
New England ; — and your speech would indicate that 
you too are not a native of the South." 

" You are right ; I am a ]STew Yorker by birth, 
but have been for a long time in South Carolina." 

After partaking of the frugal meal set before me, 
which consisted of corn-bread and sweet potatoes, I 
thanked the lady for her kindness, and told her that 
I regretted very deeply that I was not in a situation 



AND THE ESCAPE. 289 

to remunerate her for so much trouble.- ^Noticing my 
blue pants as I arose from the table, she observed : 
"It is impossible for me to know our men from the 
Yankees by the uniform ; but a few days since, two 
soldiers asked me to get them some supper, claiming 
to be scouts to General Wheeler; they told many 
very plausible stories, and the next day, to my aston- 
ishment, I was charged with harboring Yankee spies." 

" I do not wonder that you find it difficult to dis- 
tinguish the Confederate from the Yankee soldier, for 
in these trying times a poor. Rebel is compelled to 
wear any thing he can get. The dead are always 
stripped, and at this season of the year, we find the 
Federal uniform far more comfortable than our own." 

" It must be an awful extremity that could tempt 
men to strip the dying and the dead." 

"We have become so much accustomed to such 
practices, that we are unmoved by scenes which might 
appall and sicken those who have never served in our 
ranks." 

" I sincerely hope that these murderous practices 
will soon be at an end." 

Feeling that I had been absent from my com- 
panion long enough, and that it was time to make 
my departure, I arose, saying, 

"I must go, madam; may I know to whom I am 
so much indebted for my supper and kind entertain- 
ment this evening ? " 

" Mrs. James Key ton. And what may I call your 
name ? " 

" Willard Glazier, Fifty-third Alabama Mounted 
Infantry." 



290 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

" Should you chance to meet the Twenty-fifth 
Georgia, please inquire for Captain Keyton, and say 
to him that his wife and children are well, and send 
their love." 

"He shall certainly have your message if it is my 
good fortune to find him out. Good-night." 

The interview with Mrs. Keyton ended, which 
seemed to convince her that I was a bitter Rebel, I 
hastened out to receive the congratulations of Wright 
upon my success, but found him in very bad humor, 
as he was entirely out of patience with waiting so 
long for my return. I explained to him the reason 
of the delay, but all to no purpose, for he was so 
provoked that he would not listen ; and thus feeling 
a little angry at each other, we moved toward 
Springfield. 

We were determined not to pass this important 
post without gaining some information about the 
strength, position, and intended movements of the 
Rebel forces in General Sherman's rear. This required 
cautious manoeuvring, and some daring. But what 
we gained well repaid us for our risks. 

We found General Iverson's headquarters to be at 
that place, and were at one time within about fifteen 
paces of the house which he occupied. 

We were so near his provost-guard as to hear dis- 
tinctly every word that was spoken. They were dis- 
cussing present prospects, and the news which they 
had received the day before of the fall of Savannah. 
It seemed to be the prevailing opinion that the Con- 
federate army was about "played out," and that 
sooner or later ill-fated Dixie would be compelled 



AXD THE ESCAPE. 291 

to submit to the tyrannical rule of the invader. 
One tall, gaunt-looking fellow, who appeared to be 
mouth-piece for a large number, straightened himself 
up in front of a fire, around which a group had gath- 
ered, and burst forth as follows : " By dog on't, the 

d d blue-bellies have got ahead of we'uns on this 

'ere tramp." I could not help thinking what a 
change had taken place in their views since the 
seventeenth, when we were prisoners at Wheeler's 
headquarters, for at that time they asserted that 
they had 

"SHERMAN JUST WHERE THEY WANTED HIM." 

Now their victim is evidently in the ascendant, 
and the army that was to sacrifice its chivalrous 
blood in the defences of Savannah, seeks safety in 
flight, having abandoned its artillery and supplies. 
Such information, from such a source, was not at 
all disheartening to us, and we left Springfield with 
renewed courage. 

It was our intention to strike the Savannah River 
road near Helruy, where we supposed was stationed 
the enemy's out-post.' Wright knew nothing about 
this route, and left the planning all to me, as I was 
more familiar with the ground. 

It was by no means an easy task to pursue any 
direct course in this swampy country, intersected as 
it is by blind roads. The sun, moon, and stars, were 
our guides ; and it was to them that we were chiefly 
indebted for our success thus far. 

While in South Carolina and Northern Georgia, 
we depended largely upon the negroes for guidance ; 



292 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

but the passage of our army through this section of 
the State opened the way to freedom, and invited 
the bondman to cast off his shackles, and enjoy the 
blessings of liberty. 

Strange as it may seem, nearly every slave had 
embraced the opportunity presented him, and very 
quietly taken leave of his kind old master without 
waiting for ceremony. I say strange, for the simple 
reason, that it has been the boast of the Southerner 
that the slave would not exchange his chains for 
freedom ; that he was happy when governed by a 
kind master, and would not seek to better his condi- 
tion by a change. 

Having distanced Springfield about six miles, we 
found daylight approaching, and hurriedly turned 
from the road which we had been following for 
more than an hour, and secreted ourselves in some 
tall swamp-grass. Here we had rested little more 
than an hour, when we were suddenly 

STARTLED BY HOUNDS. 

"Wright turned to me and said, "We are followed." 

I asked, " What do you propose to do ? " 

" I am undecided," was his reply. 

" It is my opinion," I said, " that there is no time 
for reflection. If we are not off at once, we will be 
prisoners before leaving this swamp." 

" Well, off it is, then," said Wright ; and jumping 
into our shoes, which we had taken off in order to 
dry our feet, we got out of the swamp in double- 
quick time, crossed the road, and, taking the sun 
for a guide, struck a south-easterly course, leaping 



AND THE ESCAPE. 293 

fences and ditches, fording streams, and passing 
through thickets, that would greatly retard the pro- 
gress of the bushwhackers in pursuit. 

The chase continued until about one o'clock. The 
hounds, for the most part, were so near that we could 
hear their yelping distinctly, when, fortunately, we 
came to a large creek. Jumping into the stream, we 
followed the current fifty or sixty rods, and then 
again resumed the course we intended to pursue. 
This precaution must have foiled our pursuers, for we 
had not proceeded far before we became fully satis- 
fied that the bushwhackers and hounds had been out- 
generalled. We did not halt, however, but continued 
on towards the " promised land." Greatly encouraged 
by our success since morning, we became so indiscreet 
and reckless as to venture into open fields whenever 
they happened to be in our line of march. 

A NARROW ESCAPE. 

About two o'clock p. m., just as we were clearing 
the outskirts of a swamp, I was surprised to see my 
companion drop suddenly behind a large cypress, 
without uttering a word. I followed his example, 
not deeming it prudent to ask a question. 

I watched the movements of "Wright, who, after 
remaining motionless a few moments, raised his head 
and looked to the front. Falling back behind the 
aged tree, he whispered, " Did you see the picket ? " 
I answered, "No;" but looking up, saw that we 
were within a few rods of armed men. 

No further observations were necessary to con- 
vince us that the sooner we were out of such quarters 
12* 



294 THE CAPTURE, THE PIUS ON PEN, 

the better. We had not time to move, however, before 
a cavalry patrol came up to visit the post, and to 
give new instructions. As soon as the patrol had 
passed, we crawled upon our hands and knees into 
the swamp, keeping behind a clump of large trees 
that screened us from the picket. 

Having reached a dry spot, Ave halted and debated 
the question of going farther or remaining where we 
were. There was certainly great danger of detection 
if we attempted to leave the place, and Wright de- 
cided that our true policy was to remain. I had a 
contrary opinion. I was so wet and cold that the 
thought of confining myself to such limited quarters 
made me not a little uneasy ; for we could neither 
stand up nor lie down. Our clothes too were wet, 
the weather extremely cold, and we had not slept in 
forty-eight hours ; and then, too, the idea of sitting 
up like a pair of mummies five hours ! I told Wright 
the thing was not to be thought of, and that I would 
strike out for better quarters, though risking my 
liberty. 

As he preferred to remain I set off without him. 
The dangerous point was passed, by watching the 
picket and making good time when their backs were 
turned. 

Getting out of the swamp, I went in quest of a 
favorable haunt where I might lay my weary limbs 
and dry my clothes. 

I was delighted as well as amused to find that 
Wright was close upon my heels, glad enough to 
abandon the sitting posture for something more agree- 
able. 1 welcomed him to my new place of conceal- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 295 

mentj where we spent the afternoon unmolested. 
However, we were not far from the picket, and in- 
clined to think that it was their outpost. 

AN AMUSING INCIDENT 

occurred this evening a few minutes after sunset. The 
weather being extremely cold, and our clothes still 
damp, we thought that a small fire would be very 
pleasant ; and, suiting the action to the word, dug 
a hole in the ground, gathered some pine knots and 
started a blaze, which in my judgment could not have 
been seen by any one at a distance of fifty feet, but, to 
my companion, it appeared to be of gigantic propor- 
tions ; and his imagination became so much excited, 
that he set one of his feet upon it, and thus put an end 
both to my enjoyment and the fire. 

I was disposed to be angry, but thinking it not 
best to challenge a recapture by loud words, " nursed 
my wrath to keep it warm." 

These little differences of opinion are things to 
laugh at after the danger is over, but then they might 
have proved serious. It is next to impossible for two 
men to travel under such circumstances without more 
or less of disagreement ; for when a man considers 
that his life may depend upon some thoughtless act 
of his companion, he is disposed to adopt energetic 
measures. 

We congratulated ourselves very much on having 
escaped the pursuit of the hounds. It is a difficult 
matter to elude them, as their scent is very accurate. 

Indeed, this is never accomplished, unless some- 
thing is rubbed under the feet, which we learned from 



296 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

the negroes, but having had no opportunity to use the 
antidote, I have forgotten what it was. 

It is probably already understood by the reader 
that a stream of water would also check their efforts. 
These things were among the first lessons ever given 
us by our colored friends and guides, There are two 
kinds of hounds, blood-hounds and baying hounds. 
The baying or yelping hounds take the lead, and are 
followed by the blood-hounds, which make little noise. 

These yelping curs will not come nearer to a per- 
son than four or five rods, but will cut circles, and 
thus mark their locality until the blood-hounds or 
planters come up. 

Savannah, Ga., ) 

Friday, December 23. ) 

This, I think, was the happiest day of my life, and 
one that will ever remain as a bright oasis in the 
desert of the past. 

But I must not anticipate too much in my story, 
for in mj last record we were still in Secessia, and 
within a few rods of a Rebel picket. 

With the last gleams of the twilight, we succeeded 
in flanking the Rebel sentries, and luckily, we soon 
found a colored friend, who was familiarly known 
among his acquaintances as 

" UNCLE PHILIP. 11 

On making known to him our true character, he 
informed us that we had passed the Rebel outposts, 
and that the Yankees had possession of Cherokee 
Hill, on the Savannah River road, only eight miles 



AND THE ESCAPE. 297 

from his cabin. Our joy was inexpressible, for it 
seemed as though no more glorious tidings ever salut- 
ed mortal ears. 

We asked our kind informant if he could guide us 
to our lines. He replied, " I'ze neber ben down dar, 
massa, sense Massa Sherman's company went to Sa- 
vannah ; but I reckon yon' uns can git massa Jones, a 
free cullerd man, to take you ober. He's a mighty 
bright pnsson, and understands de swamps jest like a 
book." Calling at Mr. Jones' hut, we learned from 
his wife that he was out on a scout, but would be in 
by eleven o'clock. She assured us that he was ever 
glad to do all in his power for the Yankees, and asked 
us to come into the hut and await his return. We 
very reluctantly complied with her invitation, fearing 
that 

REBEL SCOUTS 

might venture down between the lines, and thus blast 
our brilliant prospects. 

Mrs. Jones, however, was by no means a dull tac- 
tician, and offered her two sons, one a lad of eight 
years, and the other six, for outpost duty. 

I divided the command and posted the pickets, 
stationing the oldest boy in the road, at a distance of 
twenty rods from the cabin, and used the other for 
patrol, who was to keep a sharp lookout ; and, in case 
any one might be seen approaching the post, was to 
notify his mother, thereby giving her an opportunity 
to conceal us. 

This matter attended to, a generous supply of hoe- 
cake and parched corn delighted our eyes; for Auntie 
was not long in appeasing our hunger with the best 



298 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

her humble cot afforded. Jones came in at the 
mentioned hour, but did not think himself sufficiently 
well acquainted with the safest route to warrant his 
acting in the capacity of guide ; but, like all other 
negroes that I have met in the South, he very readily 
called to mind one who, he thought, would accompany 
us, and whom he could recommend very highly as an 
active and intelligent follow. 

Securing a small piece of fat pine for a torch to 
light our way through an intervening swamp, we 
started for the Savannah River road, beyond which 
the negro could be found whose many good quali- 
ties had been pointed out to myself and. companion. 
Much to our astonishment and chagrin, colored man 
No. 2 was not so well posted as the man who recom- 
mended him ; but luckily, and much to our delight, 
he very promptly referred, to another negro, who had 
come up from our lines the same morning, and who, 
doubtless, would be glad to return witli us. The 
uegro last recommended bore the name of 

"march dasher." 

We found him to be a genuine Ethiopian, as black 
as any colored individual I have ever met ; and as 
dignified and devout as he was active and swarthy. 
Upon being asked if he could show us the way to 
Cherokee Hill, he replied, 

"i'll do it, massa, if god be my helper. 1 '' 
We desired to start at once, but could not per- 
suade him to move before daylight. He said, "Dis 
chile knows whar de pickets is in de day time, but 
knows n tiffin 'bout 'cm arter dark." Several at- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 299 

tempts were made to induce lis to remain in the hut 
till morning ; but no amount of safety insurances 
could persuade us to take such an apparently incon- 
siderate step. 

The idea that it would not be policy to move on 
before morning inclined us to think that our landlord 
might be treacherous, and we were not a little uneasy 
until prayer was offered for our benefit, when we be- 
came fully satisfied that we could at least repose con- 
fidence in his fidelity. As soon as prayers were con- 
cluded, we betook ourselves to a pine thicket, deter- 
mined to give " March" no peace until he should set 
off with us. 

THE NEGRO'S CLOCK NEEDS NO REPAIRING. 

At about one o'clock in the morning, Wright 
turned out and told him that day had just begun to 
break. He got up, came to the door, looked for the 
seven stars, and then remarked, in a very good-hu- 
mored way, " I reck'n it's good many hours yet till 
break ob day, massa. Yer can't fool March on de 
time ; his clock neber breaks down. It's jest right 
ebery time." Feeling somewhat chagrined at his ill 
success, "Wright returned to the thicket, saying, 
" Glazier, there is no use of being in a sweat; for you 
might as well undertake to move a mountain as to 
get the start of that colored individual." We made 
no further attempts to dupe our guide, but very impa- 
tiently awaited his call. He came to our place of 
concealment at the first peep of day, and said, " Gem- 
men, now I'ze ready to take you right plum into Mr. 
Sherman's company by ' sun up.' " We followed him 



300 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

without ceremony ; and just as old Sol began to tint 
the hill-sides with his first rays, we saw, with un- 
bounded joy, 

A GROUP OF BLUE COATS 

watching very eagerly our approach ; for it was the 
Federal outpost. At first, we were undoubtedly re- 
garded as enemies, but, by taking off our hats and 
making friendly signs, their suspicions were allayed, 
and they beckoned us to come on. 

After convincing them that we were not Rebel 
deserters, a most cordial reception was given us by 
the picket, which proved to be a detail from the One 
Hundred and First Illinois Volunteers, Twentieth 
Army Corps. 

Each man took us by the hand, congratulating us 
for our eventful and successful escape, while we 
cheered the boys for the glorious work they had ac- 
complished for the Union. Haversacks were opened, 
and placed at our disposal. There was a great de- 
mand for hard tack and coffee ; but the beauty of it 
all was, Major Turner was not there, to say what he 
has often repeated, " Reduce their rations ; I'll teach 
the d — d scoundrels not to attempt an escape." 

I cannot soon forget the sea of emotion that well- 
nigh overwhelmed me, as soon as I could realize the 
fact that I was no longer a prisoner, and especially 
when I beheld the " starry banner " floating triumph- 
antly over the invincible veterans, who had followed 
their " Great General " down "to the sea. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 301 



CHAPTER XVII. 

HOMEWARD BOUND. 

Savannah, Ga., December 24, 1864. 

Our breakfast at the picket-post was seasoned not 
only with hunger, but by many a fton mot from my 
companion and our new-found friends. This con- 
cluded, we were sent iuto the recently-captured city 
with a brigade of the Twentieth Army Corps, which 
formed a part of Sherman's rear-guard. 

"Wright and I were objects of general curiosity 
and conversation. It would have been a difficult 
matter, even for intimate friends, to have identified 
us in our motley uniforms. I was clad in a coat of 
southern gray, with blue pants, a bewitched-looking 
hat, which shed rain in the centre of the crown quite 
as well as at the rim, and an old gray blanket, which 
for months had answered the double purpose of bed 
and bedding. My feet were harnessed into the opos- 
sum-skin shoes before described, the gift of black, 
but faithful, hands. Oor long marches over the 
sandy roads, and through the muddy swamps, had 
quite worn them out, so that through mauy a broken 
place my toes protruded, like a turtle's head between 
its shells. 

My haversack was a curiosity in its way, being 
composed of an old towel, which was sewed up by 
Lemon many weeks before. Said haversack had 



302 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

borne its journey well, but now showed unmistakable 
signs of demoralization. Sweet potatoes, unless of a 
fabulous size, slipped through it as readily as money 
through a soldier's lingers ; and large must have been 
the loaf which could retain quarters within its awful 
depths. I would be glad to give Wright the oppor- 
tunity to describe our appearance, but having had the 
impudence to look better than myself, he does not de- 
serve the place. 

Our journey to the city was rendered exceedingly 
pleasant and agreeable by our friends. Two officers, 
whose names I have been so ungrateful as to for- 
get, kindly offered us their horses, and dismounted 
for our convenience. This offer was the more 
gratefully accepted, as we were both very much 
exhausted, Wright having carried me for several 
miles during the few last days of our escape. We 
found, too, that while we were within the enemy's 
lines, the raging fever of excitement nourished our 
strength, and wonderfully increased our power of en- 
durance. But with this strain upon our natures re- 
moved, a weakening and almost painful relaxation 
ensued. 

On reaching the city, our first inquiry was for 
Wright's old regiment ; but it was almost like search- 
ing for a pin in a hay-rick in the dark. The unset- 
tled and constantly-moving condition of the army, 
made it difficult to ascertain the location of any 
particular brigade even, much more so, that of a 
regiment. 

All this time we were comparatively as strangers 
among friends, having found no one who could iden- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 303 

tify us, and hence we were without official recog- 
nition. This made it necessary for the authorities 
to keep us uuder guard, as they knew not whether 
we were what we represented ourselves to be, or, per- 
haps, spies or desperadoes. Such treatment seemed 
hard at first ; but when we reflected upon our check- 
ered costume and suspicious appearance, we could 
find no fault, and readily yielded obedience to our 
superiors. 

Having played the Rebel so long, we ourselves 
had our allegiance slightly mixed, but by a deal of 
recollecting and protesting, we came at length to 
convince ourselves, and the authorities also, that 
some time, away back in the past, we had been 
Union men, and belonged to the Federal army. 

This glorious truth was established beyond a doubt, 
when, after going from headquarters to headquarters, 
we were at last brought amonsr Wright's old com- 
panions. His reception was almost equal to Caesar's 
triumph in Rome, after his brilliant campaign in 
Northern Africa. 

At night we were entertained by Captain A. L. 
Swallow, commanding Wright's company. Being a 
man of noble nature, he ministered to our wants 
like a father. Indeed, as our circumstances became 
known, every one seemed anxious to do us a favor, 
and no pains were spared to make us comfortable 
and happy. Suitable clothing was soon given us, 
and we began to appear like civilized persons. Our 
sojourn in camp or town was a continuation of fete 
days, which at times quite bewildered me. "There 
are moments in our lives," writes an old prison com- 



30-4 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

panion,* " the recollection of which, possesses all the 
unsubstantial qualities of a dream. 

" The first days of liberation after a protracted 
captivity are veiled in the misty atmosphere of un- 
reality." 

And thus it was with me. 1 could scarcely re- 
cognize the identity of my own being. Was I the 
same man, who once shivered with cold, and nearly 
died of hunger, in a Rebel Prison Pen ? Could it be 
I that wandered nude and forlorn, through swamps 
and streams, mid snakes, alligators, hounds, and 
murderous men, and for one long month suffered the 
privations of a fugitive ? As I took a retrospect of 
those days, it seemed as though I had traversed the 
impassable gulf, the dreadful chasm of a dream, — but 
at length I became convinced that Iicaslmyself, 
and that what I enjoyed was substantial and positive 
Freedom ! The greater part of 

CHRISTMAS DAY 

I spent in the city. I partook of a sumptuous 
dinner with Mr. H. Brown, whose residence was on 
Congress street, opposite the Pulaski House. Mr. 
Brown was known as a firm Union man, and although 
he had suffered much from adherence to his princi- 
ples, and frequently been stripped of his goods, he 
still remained true to the old flag and the govern- 
ment of his fathers. So far as I could learn, Savan- 
nah contained more of this class of men than any 
other southern city. 

Lieutenant E. H. Fales, who was a fellow-prisoner 

* Lieutenant-Colonel F. F. Cavada. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 305 

at Charleston, was found secreted at Mr. Brown's 
house when our army entered Savannah. The lieu- 
tenant was in the city for more than a month, rep- 
resenting himself as a very innocent foreigner, but 
was at one time conscripted and ordered on the 
defenses. 

At Kilpatiuck's Headquarters, ) 
December 15. ) 

Lieutenant Fales and myself procured horses from 
the quartermaster of the Twentieth Corps, and rode 
out to Kilpatrick's headquarters in the afternoon, my 
object being to secure identification by General Kil- 
patrick, in order to obtain transportation North, as he 
was the only officer in the department who knew me 
to have been in the United States service previous to 
my capture. The general received us with his accus- 
tomed urbanity, and kindly furnished me with the 
necessary documents, in the absence of which I had 
been detained from going North. 

After the arrangement of this business, the gen- 
eral, and Captain Estes of his staff, invited us to 
a generous supper, during which they were much 
interested in my account of prison-life and escapes. 
One hardly likes to be the hero of his own tales, but 
modesty was no plea for silence under the circum- 
stances. 

My term of service having expired, I was very 
anxious to get home to my friends, whom I had not 
seen for many months. But the unsettled state of 
the army made delays unavoidable, and I was forced 
to abide my time. 



iNTER," ) 

r 29. J 



306 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

Aboard Steamship " Plan 
Decenib 

Lieutenant Fales and myself took passage on the 
steamship "Planter" early this evening. Wright's 
term of service having expired, he remained at Savan- 
nah to be mustered out, where I bade him an earnest 
farewell. 

The captain of our vessel was none other than the 
negro pilot, who, by a daring exploit, had saved him- 
self and his craft to the Union, by running her out of 
Charleston harbor, and joining our blockading squad- 
ron. He was accordingly made commander of the 
converted " Planter," and was a " colored person " of 
some consequence. One of our officers going on 
board, mistook him for the boot-black, and sang out, 
" Hello, cutfee, black my boots ? " 

The dusky captain turned, with a look of disdain, 
and answered, " I dun no nuffin 'bout boot blackin'. 
I commands dis craf, I is." 

At the time of our passage she was running, in 
Government employ, as far as the obstructions at the 
mouth of the Savannah river, where she transferred 
her cargo and returned. There was a channel through 
these obstructions, and but few pilots could take a 
vessel through them. 

Only a few days after the capture of the city, a 
blockade-runner, fresh from Manchester, England, in 
happy ignorance of the result, carefully dodged our ves- 
sels, which just as carefully kept out of the way, and 
gave a clear passage into the harbor. She was fast to 
the dock before the mistake was discovered, when her 
commander was arrested, and her cargo confiscated. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 307 

Aboard Steamship "Ashland," off Hilton Head, ) 

December 30. ) 

During the night, we were transferred from the 
" Planter " to the " Delaware," and reached Hilton 
Head, South Carolina, in the afternoon, where we went 
aboard the steamer " Ashland," for the Empire State 
— God bless her dear old name ! — Many a poor fellow 
who started out with us will never again press her soil, 
nor be welcomed home by those who are anxiously 
awaiting his return. 

The "Ashland" is a small ocean steamer, and 
was commanded by Thomas Cowdry, an old sea cap- 
tain, weather-beaten and brave. His genial enter- 
tainment of the passengers, and his thrilling tales of 
life " on the ocean wave," cannot soon be forgotten. 

In a Gale off Cape Hatteras, ) 
January 2, 18G5. J 

We had a rough holiday yesterday, in the midst 
of a terrible gale, which threatened us with disaster. 
All the passengers had a taste of sea-sickness, as well 
also as a large part of the crew, save those directly 
connected with the management of the vessel. This 
being my first experience with old Nepture, my case 
was none of the mildest. 

The pen of inspiration has most graphically de- 
scribed such a scene as this. 

" They that go down to the sea in ships, that do 
business in the great waters ; 

" These see the works of the Lord, and His won- 
ders in the deep. 

" For he commandeth, and raise th the stormy 
wind, which lifteth up the waves thereof. 



808 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

" They mount up to the heavens, they go down 
again to the depths : their soul is melted because 
of trouble. 

" They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken 
man, and are at their wit's end. 

" Then they cry unto the Lord in their trouble, 
and He bringeth them out of their distresses. 

" He maketh the storm a calm, so that the waves 
thereof are still." 

During the worst bellowing of the tempest, the 
captain comforted us all he could by expatiating on 
the strength of his vessel, and pointing out her beau- 
ties in a manner quite mistifying to a landsman. The 
fact that she had weathered many a severe storm be- 
fore gave us much confidence, and at length, several 
passengers, recalling the very appropriate Sunday 
School song, struck out with the verse, 

" "Wildly the storm sweeps us on as it roars — 

"We're homeward bound ; 
Look, yonder lie the bright heavenly shores, 

"We're homeward bound ; 
Steady, Oh pilot, stand firm at the wmeel ! 
Steady ! we soon shall ontweather the gale ; 
Oh how we fly 'neath the loud-creaking sail — 

"We're homeward bound." 

New York, January 4. 
At length, about twelve o'clock at night, our vessel 
grated along the wharf of the metropolis, and I awoke 
to the glorious realization that I was again breathing 
the air of my native State. There was an exhilara- 
ting rapture in the thought, which I can never 
express, and fixed that moment as a golden era in my 



AND THE ESCAPE. 309 

memory. I hope never to become so hardened that 
that patriotic and Christian exultation will ever be an 
unpleasant recollection. 

And with many a brave and fondly-cherished 
comrade, — and with thousands whose faces I never 
knew, but whose sufferings I shared, — I can sing : 

"Now our prison life is over ! Ah ! it is a pleasant thought, 
And we here await our furloughs, ere again our homes are 

sought. 
Farewell South, and all thy dead lines! Farewell traitors, 

robbers too I 
Cherished friends of youth and childhood, we are coming 

home to you ! 
And will not your smiles of welcome half repay our griefs and 

cares, 
"When once more you see us sitting in the old familiar chairs? 
But there's One who reigns above us — we should give our 

thanks to him, 
For the bright hopes in the bosoms, where sweet hope, alasl 

was dim, 
For his kind and loving presence, that at last we lived to 

stand, 
Free from prison life in Dixie, in our own beloved and loyal 

land. 
Let us pray for peace forever, for the Union glad and free, 
With a tear for comrades faithful, whom we never more shall 

see. 
Ever trusting Him above us, though the clouds may gather 

fast, 
Knowing well our Father's mansion will receive us at the 

last." 

13 



310 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTEE XVIII. 



[I append to these records the following selections from the flies of the 
Weekly Journal, which was published or read to the prisoners at Libby Prison 
in the autumn of 1S63, by the Rev. Louis N". Boudrye, late Chaplain Fifth New 
York Cavalry. They may serve to illustrate more clearly than it has heen 
done in the body of the work the lout ensemble of that dark period in the history 
of thousands of our soldiers.] 



The Libby Chronicle 



DEVOTED TO FACTS AND FUN. 



Vol. I.] Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., August 21s/, 1863. [No. I. 



Prospectus.* 

The Libby Chronicle will be issued weekly, from 
Prisoner & Co.'s steam press of thought. Such will 
be the equalization of labor amoug those engaged in 
the enterprise, that this publication can be afforded at 

very low rates. Price of subscription, weekly, one 

moment's good attention, invariably in advance. 
These terms being complied with, the paper will be 
forwarded postage free. 

With such facilities before the public for obtaining 
useful knowledge, it is needless to state that we ex- 
pect an extensive patronage. Our adherence to facts, 

* Eight numbers of the Chronicle were issued, 



AND THE ESCAPE. 311 

which are always the most stubborn arguments, and 
to the motto that 

" A little nonsense now and then, 
Is relished by the wisest men," 
is a full guarantee to our patrons that they will ever 
obtain an ample equivalent for their subscription 
price. We cannot very well forbear mentioning that 
the contributors to our columns are among the most 
eminent of the land, including the skillful lawyer, the 
sedate judge, the erudite priest, the amusing come- 
dian, the renowned legislator, and scores of others 
from the various walks of life, whose connection with 
our periodical places success beyond a doubt. 

As we make our humble bow to the public, we 
hope that progress may mark our course in every de- 
partment of our work, until the Libby Chronicle, its 
editor and publisher, its friends and patrons, will find 
themselves sailing toward the North Land of liberty 
and civilization. 

Kansas Brigade's Version of John Brown. 

John Brown's body lies mouldering in the grave, 

"While weep the sons of bondage whom he ventured all to save, 

And though he lost his life in struggling for the slave, 

His soul is marching on. — Chorus. 
John Brown was a hero, undaunted, true, and brave, 
Kansas knew his valor when he fought her rights to save, 
And though the grass grows green above his northern grave, 

His soul is marching on. — Chorus. 
He captured Harper's Ferry with his nineteen men so few, 
And frightened " Old Virginny " till she trembled through and 

through ; 
They hung him for a traitor — themselves a traitor crew, 

But his soul is marching on. — Chorus. 



312 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

The conflict that he heralded he looks from heaven to view, 
On the army of the Union with her flag, red, white, and blue, 
And heaven shall ring with anthems o'er the deeds we mean to do, 
As we go marching on — Chobus. 

O soldiers of Columbia, tben strike, while strike you may, 
The death-blow of oppression in this better time and way, 
And the dawn of old John Brown will brighten into day, 

As we go marching on. — Chorus. 
Captain. 



" South Window," Libbt Pjrison, Richmond, Va. 
No. l. 

Mr. Editor : "Who among your bearers have not 
felt as the writer feels to-day, weary and worn out 
with the dull monotony of prison life % There is no 
future here ; night and day succeed one another with 
but the same scene, the same fruitless longing for 
liberty. Even these more than precious letters, brief 
mementos of the dear ones at home, make the bit- 
terness of captivity but the deeper. Many, if not all 
of us, have faced death on the battle field and are 
willing to do so in our Country's cause again ; but 
who, once released, would yield to see the walls of 
Libby Prison once more ? True, that some have been 
unfortunate enough to now be prisoners of war a sec- 
ond, and, in one instance, we believe, a third time, — 
such are entitled to our sympathy. They are indeed 
sufferers. 

Am I harping, Mr. Editor, on a threadbare theme? 
I crave pardon. A fit of the blues is on me to-day, 
and what I write partakes of it. Even the heavens 
are overcast with clouds. 



AND THE ESCAPE. SIS 

"The autumn days have come, 
The saddest of the year.— 1 ' 

We take a sidelong glance from our " south win- 
dow" and see away off in the distance a portion of 
Belle Isle, occupied by thousands of our brave men. 
Poor fellows ! Their lot is, while it lasts, even worse 

than ours. — 

Hark, what sound breaks from the d.pths below 

our feet? "Mess No. , din^r." We go, Mr. 

Editor, we go. Sorrowfully we lay our pen aside, 
hoping when we write again, to reach a more cheer- 
ful result. 

Au revoir. Black bean soup awaits us. 

Captain P. 

Conundrums. 

Q. In what respect do the officers confined in 
Libby resemble Dives in the parable ? 

Ans. They are looking to Abraham for comfort. 

Q. Why is an elephant like a pile of brick? 

Ans. Because neither can climb a tree. 

Q. Why is our soup in Libby like the stuff of 
which dreams are made? 

Ans. Because it is a body without substance. 

Castle Thunder. 

paet I. 

On Oary street, in Richmond, there is a mongrel den 

Of thieves, sneaks, and cowards, mixed up with gentlemen. 

Oh it is a shame to huddle in together 

Men and beasts, wild and tame, like birds of every feather. 



314 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

The Reb. authorities scared up this living wonder, 
Made it a prison, and named it Castle Thunder. 
Here they tumble in characters of every hue, 
Reprobates steeped in sin with the Christian and the Jew. 

Conscripts by the dozen, at daylight and after dark, 
Come pouring in the Castle like animals in the ark ; 
Some are small, some are great, some show pluck, some white 

liver. 
Some from Mississippi State and " Goobers " from Tar River. 
Substitutes and deserters come in in sorry plight, 
And sub-gents, too, are here quartered for the night. 
Blockade runners, also, are shut up for a warning, 
But seldom leave, as promised, early the next morning. 
While on Potomac's banks both parties try to nab 'em, 
If they escape the Yanks, old Jeff, is sure to grab 'em. 

So-called spies are castled here, who think it real hard luck, 
They are all from Yankeedom, excepting one Zennuck ; 
Disloyalists are also here, and one for being a guide, 
The boys call him Doodlebug, for piloting Burnside. 
"We also have an oyster man, who, the officers discover, 
Was Union on the York but Secesh on James River. 
Part first tells you where the Castle is and who are there, 
Part second will disclose the manner of our fare. 

PART II. 

We have a dozen rooms or more, and in some two or three, 
The boys wear handcuffs, balls and chains — Confederate jewelry ; 
Some rest on cots, on boards, with blankets, some without them, 
And when they get to sleep the big bugs often rout them ; 
They never sleep in quiet though ever so much drowsy, 
For the vermin are so thick and big, the lice themselves are lousy. 
We have eighteen kinds of food, though 'twill stagger your belief. 
We have bread, beef, and soup, and bread, soup, and beef; 
Then we separate about, with twenty in a group, 
And get beef, soup, and bread, and beef, bread, and soup ; 
For our dessert we obtain, though it costs us nary red, 
Soup, bread, and beef, and eonp, beef, and bread. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 315 

The bread we usually get is of a very good sort, 

True, it is the staff of life, but our staff is rather short. 

Our beef's so lean and dry, that, swallowing, it will bouud back, 

Unless we recollect afore, to try to grease the track. 

It is too tough and strong, for our noses or our knives, 

The cattle were so poor and thin, were killed to save their lives. 

The hides are made up into shoes, the sinews into strings, 

The marrow into soup, and the bones in pretty rings. 

Our soup is much too weak, to please a very high liver, 

'Tis made of beans, bugs, and rice, and extract of James River. 

Now I've told you what we eat, whether we're well or sick, 
"What we drink is never strong though sometimes rather thick. 
Our drink is rarely river water, except to save from death, 
And then for want of whiskey we smell an officer's breath. 
Meat and drink are now so scarce as to raise a serious doubt, 
Whether the Confederacy is not about played out. 
Number one and two you've heard, and now in division third, 
I will say a word about the way we are officered. 



Military officers of the very meanest stuff, 

For every local post, are considered good enough. 

In officering Richmond they varied not the general rule, 

To appoint a drunkard, a tyrant, a coward, or a fool. 

It is plainly to be seen that in a little while 

When Satan scoops his jewels up, in Richmond he'll get a pile. 

At the head of Richmond post they've placed a Marylander, 

And like the devil in regions lost there sits General Winder. 

He snaps and snarls, he rips and swears, whether sober or tight, 

The old villain's heart's as black as his head is white. 

All through this vicinity they hate him as hard as they can, 

Nor ever slander him with the epithet of decent man. 

However mean, he's a patriot, that may be understood, 

For when he left the Yankee land, 'twas for his country's good. 

We come to Major Griswold, who is our Provost Marshal, 
He's a little prejudiced, which makes him rather partial ; 



816 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

But when compared to Winder he seems no virtue to lack, 
As green is almost white by the side of jet black. 

And there's Judge Baxter, who also is a queer old case, 

He has so large a centre he can hardly change his base. 

He says wbiskey's a dangerous thing to have about the town, 

So, with all his might, he's for putting whiskey down. 

Whiskey is fifty cents a drink, and of the meanest sort. 

The Judge, to get his money's worth, swallows it by the quart. 

I will slyly tell you, boys, if your money you begrudge, 

How to get your whiskey cheap — step up and tap the Judge. 

In the door of the Castle, like a stopple in a jug, 
To shut the prison's mouth, they've stuck a Baltimore plug ; 
It is Captain Alexander, who is so cross and spunky, 
He is certainly not fit to command an oyster pungy. 
The Captain is such a case as may be often seen, 
Who thinks he's very smart, but is invisible green ; 
He is a thundering blower, but would not dare to fight, 
As dogs that bark the loudest are seldom known to bite. 
Yet he has streaks of good, as well as mean, mixed for relief, 
The first are scarce and thin like fat in Confederate beef. 
He also came from Maryland, and mean as Nick can make him, 
And the reason why we keep him is because the devil won't 
take him. 

Allen is a smooth old rat, that is truthfully said, 

He shines with black from boots to hat, his face shines with red ; 

He pours down whiskey double-quick, there is no doubt of that ; 

Sometimes he make3 believe he's sick, but it's a brick in his hat. 

Old Allen is a villain of the very darkest stripe, 

He'll go home to purgatory as soon as he is ripe. 

And if he does not blow off steam and soon shut down the 

brakes, 

In a dream of delirium he'll find his boots are full of snakes. 

He has an oily tongue and face full of deceit and evil, 

And should Old Nick miss that scape-grace, there's no need of 

a devil. . - 

A Private, 



and the escape. 317 

News op Libby. 

Monday, September 28th, 12 m. 

Rumored that the exchange commissioners did 
not meet yesterday, as was expected. 

Four p. m. — Rumor says that the United States 
commissioners, having heard of Spencer Kellogg's 
execution, immediately returned without awaiting 
the arrival of the Confederate States troop, and that 
there will be no exchange of prisoners soon. 

/September 29th. — As a result of yesterday's news 
the spirits are drooping in all, except those of the 
huxtering fry, who seem to have renewed their 
diligence. 

September 30th. — We have news from a reliable 
source, that all the Federal officers are to be paroled 
and sent North on the next truce boat. 

Three p. m. — Since receiving the above telegram 
we have received information that no exchange or 
parole is to occur, as the exchange agents have not 
acceded to any propositions yet offered, and that the 
next truce boat will bring blankets and clothing for 
the Libby family. 

October 1st. — The huxtering fry say they will 
allow fruit to be conveyed down Red Lane pike, if 
the teamsters will allow them a profitable remu- 
neration. 

Latest from the hospital, four and one half p. m. — 
A United States gun-boat brought dispatches that no 
exchange even of privates would be allowed until the 
case of Kellogg is satisfactorily explained. 

Still later, nine p. m. — The commissioners are to 
meet on the third of October. The United State3 
13* 



318 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

commissioner will bring six gun-boats along to pro- 
tect the white flag. Yours, 

Jack Rumokteap. 

"South Window." 
No. 2. 

Shall I tell you why, Mr. Editor, that ensconced 
in this out-of-the-way corner, close to this cross-barred 
frame, why I call it my South Window? Because 
memory reverts to another scene and time in by-gone 
days, when a fair bright face oft watched adown the 
road, the first to welcome the toiler home. I wonder 
if she sits in that " south window " now and waits 
the wanderer's return ? 

Ah, Mr. Editor, whose heart so cold it would not 
warm with thoughts like these? Ever as memory 
goes back to those fast-growing far distant hours I 
picture my happy home. Situated a few miles away 
from the busy hum of the metropolis, on a little bay, 
nestled among a magnificent grove of chestnuts, hid 
by them from the sight of the passer-by, is my home. 

There at night, after the work of the day, have I 
retired in keen enjoyment of the comforts of a happy 
home, surrounded only by those who love. Such a 
life is almost the poet's dream of Elysium. There in 
the early mists of the morning have I mounted my 
horse for a ride along the sea-shore, or through the 
clover-fields ; or in the moonlit summer's evening 
have unfurled the sails of my " Bonny " yacht and 
glided on the smooth surface of the bay, hour after 
hour, happy in forgetfulness of all save the present. 
This, in all its wide meaning, is home. 



AND TUB ESCAPE. 319 

And here, Mr. Editor, the oft-repeated prayer 
arises, may the day soon come, when you and I, and 
all of ns, shall leave our prison abode, and be per- 
mitted to clasp our loved ones in a warm embrace, 
when the dismal clouds of war are scattered, and the 
sunshine of peace shall fall upon a reunited land. 

Once more, Au revoir. Captain P. 



The Libbyad. 

(Written expressly for the " Libby Chronicle.") 

" Of Libby's lice to us tbe direful spring 
Of woes unnumbered, heavenly muses sing." 

Homer modernized. 
Tbink not my theme so trifling, none you can mention 
Receives in Libby half so much attention. 
A phonographic class of half a dozen score, 
In one short week, falls off a half or more ; 
French, too, and Spanish, as all can plainly see, 
Lose their students in the same degree ; 
But who so lazy, so busy, or so nice, 
Neglects to give an hour each day to lice, 
Will be beset with troubles great and small, 
And have hard scratching to get along at all. 
If poets write of battles 'twixt frogs and mice, 
Why not of skirmishes 'twixt men and lice? 
And while these verses rude we are inditing, 
Look 'round to see the different styles of fighting. 

Watch Pngilisticus, he in a trice 
Pulls of his dirty shirt to fight his lice ; 
His muscles thus of cumbrous duds bereft, 
See with what science he " puts in his left " 
Upon the bodies of his luckless brood, 
And Pugilisticus has gained " first blood." 
With double fury he "puts in his right," 
And Pugilisticus has " won the fight." 



320 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

And there's Historicua, with scabby back, 

Would trace their history as he hears thein crack ; 

"Wonders if these lice bear the same description, 

As those once scratched by Pharaoh and the Egyptian. 

He tries, in vain, from facts and from analogy, 

To thread their lineage and genealogy. 

He learns, however, with very little pains, 

The proudest blood of Libby is flowing in their veins 

He marks, too, that the death of these, his little foes, 

Is not as ignominious as thoughtless men suppose. 

Sisera, a great warrior, was slain by Jael, 

"With those unwarlike weapons, a hammer and a nail, 

While to slay these, so very much abused, 

Although there be no hammer, tico nails are always ooed. 

Mark now Gallantricus, that nice young man, 
With taper fingers made to wield a lady's fan, 
Much disgusted, see him hunting, half ashamed of being seen, 
Thinks it " very unpretty," lice should stay in shirt so clean. 
See now his handsome visage, what contortions and grimaces ! 
As if to scare the nasty things by making ugly faces. 
What would she think, his would-be, future spouse, 
To see him strip and squat and grin and louse? 

Behold Theologicus, with reverend face, 

Peering with care in every hidicg place. 

And while his little flock crawls 'round through heaps of slain, 

Such thoughts as these come crawling through his brain : 

What if 'midst all the creeds and doctrines which so stagger us, 

That should be true announced by old Pythagoras! 

That after death men's souls, instead of going 

To heaven or hell according to the showing 

Of orthodoxy teachers, simply go forth 

To inhabit birds and beasts, insects and so forth, 

Base or noble as their lives may show forth. 

Most in this prison, if I judge aright, 

W 7 ill live in noble beasts and birds of lofty flight. 

But some there are who'll live again as hogs, 

Some skunks, some asses, some as snappish dogs. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 321 

A very few Lave souls so small and base 
That even such as these they would disgrace. 
Crammed in this loathsome prison, scorned like slaves, 
Insulted, starved by coward traitor knaves, 
The men who in our suffering have betrayed us, 
And fawn on those who brutally degrade us, 
Even such small souls will find a fitting nice, 
And live hereafter in loathsome Libby's lice. 

There's Philosophicus, with thoughtful brow, 

Who knows the "why " of everything, the " what " and u how." 

He watches his louse to learn each secret habit, 

Before with bloody fangs he proceeds to grab it. 

Sees it in its cozy nest recline, 

Marks it making love and observes it dine. 

"With wise discrimination he can trace 

The difference 'twixt the louse and bedbug race — 

But I'll cease scratching lines and scratch " Scotch-fiddle" tunes, 

At something crawling in my pantaloons. 

Lieutenant Colonel "W. 



"Who is Responsible for Non-exchange of Prisoners ? 

BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL N. 

It is with much regret that we announce the fact 
to the readers of the Chronicle^ that there are those 
among the officers now confined in this delectable (?) 
locality, ycleped Libby, who are uttering curses, " not 
loud, but deep," against our government, for permit- 
ting them to remain here so long. These officers 
evince more of the spirit of spoiled children, than of 
that manly courage and patience which should char- 
acterize the actions of the American officer and 
soldier. 

The officer who utters complaints against our gov- 
ernment for his continued incarceration, shows that 



322 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

he does not understand the principles involved in the 
controversy in relation to the exchange of prisoners, 
or else he is prompted by motives altogether selfish 
and unpatriotic. The exchange of officers was sus- 
pended in consequence of the unfair proceeding of the 
Rebel authorities, about the first of June, in retaining 
certain officers in an unjust and arbitrary manner. 
Among those thus retained were Colonel Streight's 
officers, Captain McKee of the Fourteenth Kentucky 
Cavalry, and Lieutenant Conn of the Second Vir- 
ginia Cavalry. Our commissioner, on discovering 
this injustice, respectfully informed the Rebel commis- 
sioner, that all exchange of officers would be suspend- 
ed until the Rebels would exchange officer for officer 
and man for man, according to rank and to date of 
capture. 

The Rebels, at that time, were anticipating a series 
of successes, which they have not realized, though 
they persist, with a dogged obstinacy, in the unjust 
course which they had marked for themselves. In- 
stead of removing obstacles which they had thrown in 
the way of the cartel, they continue to increase those 
obstacles by high-handed acts of injustice and cruelty, 
and make the affair more complicated. All that is 
necessary, is to return to the cartel and proceed as 
formerly. "When the Rebels do this, our government is 
ready to exchange ; but until then, it acts properly in 
refusing to exchange. A partial or special exchange 
would leave many an unfortunate prisoner exposed to 
even worse insults and indignities than now. The 
suspension of the cartel will doubtless continue until 
the Rebels are willing to conduct the exchange on fair 



AND THE ESCAPE. 323 

principles, and every patriotic officer should submit to 
his fate with manly fortitude. 

Our government has not forgotten us, but, on 
the contrary, it is pursuing that course which will 
result to our advantage. Should partial exchanges 
be made, a portion of the officers would be held as 
hostages, confined in wretched cells, and reserved for 
hanging or shooting, for the amusement and recreation 
of the chivalry. Such exchanges would add to the 
comfort of some, but would increase the sufferings of 
others. What officer is so devoid of humanity as to 
be willing to accept his personal liberty at such ex- 
pense ? If there be any such in Libby, they had better 
tender their " immediate and unconditional " resigna- 
tion as soon as possible, and retire to their own place. 
But, in the language of Holy Writ, let us " endure 
hardness as good soldiers," trusting in the God of bat- 
tles to deliver us ; assured also that we are not for- 
gotten by father Abraham, who is evidently doing all 
that justice and mercy can prompt him to do for our 
relief. While it is well for us to invite the aid of our 
influential friends in the North, in this matter of ex- 
change, it is equally proper to bide our time with pa- 
tience and resignation. 



An Officer and a Gentleman. 

BY LIEUTENANT COLONEL S. 

It still runs in the memory of many when, to be 
an officer of the American army, was to be, as a con- 
sequence, a gentleman and a man of honor. The 
claimant to official rank, of whatever grade, was ever 
the recipient of marked attention. The announce- 



324 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ment of liis arrival was paraded in the journals of the 
day, and the blandest smiles of mine host, and the 
cosiest chamber of " mine inn," were instantly at his 
command. From the great, the learned, the wealthy 
and the fair, hospitalities, invitations and favors of 
every kind were tendered him, and his sojourn in 
town or country was a continuation of fete days, cul- 
minating in intensity as his leave of absence drew 
near its close. 

" All men revered him, all women loved." 

To impugn his character, or to doubt his honor, 
subjected the utterer to the closest investigation, or to 
the stern arbitrament of arms ; while, to him, to fall 
from his high position, was a descent second only to 
that of Lucifer. In camp, courteous to his subordi- 
nates, he was ever respectful to his superiors ; and in 
the field he faced the foe, because the path to glory 
is through the field of danger. 

For his associates, with whom he had encountered 
many vicissitudes " through field and flood," be enter- 
tained an affection dearer than the ties of relationship ; 
and was ever ready to aid, support and defend them 
at all hazards. Such were the life, character and at- 
tributes of an American officer at the commencement 
of this contest ; and whether enrolled in defence of 
constitutional right and a just government, or engaged 
in marshalling the ranks of the disloyal and the trai- 
tor, to this day he retains, in an eminent degree, most, 
if not all, of these virtues. 

Let us now turn to the volunteer. Called to arms 
by his country's need, the gifted, the honored, the 
brave, throwing off the lethargy of peace, donned the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 325 

uniform of his government, and, pledging his life and 
his sacred honor, rushed to the defence of a time- 
honored flag and the beloved institutions of his fore- 
fathers. A hearty volunteer in a glorious cause, he 
brought with him the enthusiasm of the patriot and 
the loyalty of the citizen ; accustomed to comfort and 
nurtured in luxury, he endured the privations of the 
camp and the bitter experiences of martial life with 
cheerfulness and obedience ; proud of his cause, his 
country and his uniform, he strove so to guide his steps 
that each and all might be honored by his advocacy. 
Acquainted with the amenities of civil life, filled 
with the recollections of the social distinctions ac- 
corded to the officer of former days, and a firm belie- 
ver in the attributes of the chivalric soldier, he natu- 
rally turned to his immediate associates in arms, for 
an exhibition of those characteristics which have 
garnished the pages of history and peopled the world 
with heroes. 

The child which nightly awakens the denizens of 
Libby by its eager search after the paternal Teet ; * to 
whom the knowledge of light, air, and impalpable 
being is but a thing of yesterday, is yet old enough 
to chronicle the downfall of these expectations ; and 
could he answer, young as he is, his youthful visage 
would rival, in intensity of color, his spanked extrem- 
ity, after a severe flagellation by his irate ancestor, 
while recounting the reverse of the picture. For, did 
he speak truly, he would tell of the lie bandied, 

* Captain John Teed could imitate the cryiDg of a little 
child so perfectly, as to render detection almost impossible. 
Hours of intense merriment were occasioned by tbis thing alone. 



326 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

in lieu of the sacred word of honor ever implied ; of 
the act and gesture of filth and indecency, in place of 
the merry joke and good-humored repartee; of the 
blasphemous response to the authorized command of 
the superior, instead of the graceful obedience of the 
subordinate ; but, worse than all, he would tell of the 
rights invaded, the property purloined, and the pocket 
rifled of one officer by his fellow. 

Mr. Editor, had such a statement been made in 
any journal as respectable as your own, previous to 
my advent to Libby, I would have deemed it my duty 
to hunt the anonymous slanderer from his secret lair, 
and nail the calumny to his forehead ; but now, alas, 
a short but painful experience in a military prison 
has revealed to me, that an officer and a gentleman 
are no longer synonyms ; that the uniform of the sol- 
dier may cover the carcass of the sneak, and the 
shoulder-straps of the officer may serve to conceal the 
brand of the thief. Dare any one deny this ? If any 
such there be, let them dispassionately investigate the 
record of the past two weeks, and, ere venting their 
virtuous indignation, inquire of the first officer they 
meet of his experience ; or, better, let them consult 
the official announcement, affixed to these walls, pro- 
claiming the loss, by theft, of one hundred and eighty 
dollars within the past fortnight ; or they may be 
enlightened by the recital of innumerable petty larce- 
nies, minor scoundrelisms, and sneaking pilferings un- 
worthy the talents of the meanest thief that ever 
graduated from the Five Points. Even the honor 
which obtains among rogues is forgotten, for we have 
it on record that thief has robbed thief, and the 



AND THE ESCAPE. 327 

sneak preyed upon his brother. And yet, forsooth, 
these miscreants bear a commission, hold a command, 
and, by my manhood, even sport a sword. Of such 
men the immortal Shakespeare has written thus : 

" He will steal, sir, an egg out of a cloister. He 
professes not keeping of oaths ; in breaking them he 
is stronger than Hercules. He will lie, sir, with such 
volubility, that you would think truth were a fool. 
Drunkenness is his best virtue, for he will be swine- 
drunk, and in his sleep he does little harm, save to 
his bedclothes about him ; but they know his con- 
ditions and lay him in straw. I have but little more 
to say, sir, of his honesty ; he has everything that an 
honest man should not have, what an honest man 
should have, he has nothing." 

I would not have it understood, Mr. Editor, that 
a majority, or even a tenth of our number, are open 
to these charges. The bad among us are, I am proud 
to say, numerically small, but that they are skillful 
and proficient their present concealment evidences. 
Brought from the various armies of the north and 
west, we are, in a degree, total strangers to a large 
number of the present inmates of this prison. The 
very man who shares our plank is unknown to us by 
name or state, and may be, for all we know, the mir- 
ror of knighthood, or the veriest poltroon. 

A sufferer by the peculations complained of, we 
turn in querulous haste, with jealous eye, upon the 
first comer, and are more likely to suspect the inno- 
cent than to detect the guilty ; and we ourselves, 
while seeking our despoiler, are in turn suspected by 
a fellow-sufferer, who deems the eager looks of the 



328 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

loser the preying scrutiny of the thief. For our own 
sakes, then, let us combine to purge our body of this 
moral blot, to rid our profession of this novel stain. 
To one or the other, the condition and opinion of 
each and every man are known. The knave and the 
coward, under a close surveillance, must inevitably be 
discovered, while the brave and the honorable can 
rarely be misunderstood. Mark then every man by 
his words and actions. Scan closely the unguarded 
movements and desultory remarks of the suspected. 
Meet cunning with stratagem, and ply the rogue to 
his ruin. The cause we advocate and the uniform we 
wear demand that we should expose the unworthy 
and unmask the dishonest ; and it is the duty of every 
honest man to bring the recreant thief to that justice 
he so much needs and fears. 



[Written expressly for the Chronicle.] 

The Irruption.* 

BY LIEUTENANT N. 

'Twas night, and Rebel Libby, wrapped in sleep, 
Was bushed to quiet, weird, sublime and deep : 
Along tbe floor the moon's pale, flickering beam, 
Athwart each visage, shot with fitful gleam, 
As if in pity she did stoop to bless 
And cheer each prisoner with a fond caress. 

And what a sight that moon-lit floor displays ! 
In each pale face, upturned to meet her rays, 
She shines resplendent, aud paints in colors bright 
A cheerful soul within, content and light ; 
Yet through its workings, now in fit and start, 
Unfolds the sorrows of an anguished heart. 

* This poem was written soon after the arrival of our officers cap- 
tured at Chickamauga. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 329 

From scene like this we turn our weary head, 
To court unwilling Sleep to bless our bed ; 
"When, hark ! upon the stillness harshly breaks 
A sound, that to the base old Libby shakes ; 
Like to the war of billows, tempest-clad, 
That beat old Ocean's shore, in foment mad, 

Or cannon's thunders loud, when heard afar, 
In battle's dreadful strife, " grim visaged war." 
It nearer, louder comes. " What can it be ? " 
Each wakened dreamer cries, and starts to see. 
And what a sight meets their astonished gaze, 
By light of moon and candle's flickering blaze I 

The vandal Yankees, in "irruption " bold, 

In numbers seventy and one all told, 

Are in a horde dark Libby's cells invading, 

And 'long its files with stealthy tread are raiding; 

Their guide a contraband : deceitful black, 

To thus direct the cunning Yankees' track. 

Surprised, awaked by the in-coming foe, 
The inmates rise to strike a mortal blow ; 
Aloft they rise in majesty so grand 
These dreamers, this incarcerated band ; 
With mingled cries of joy, of fear and rage, 
They quickly haste the coming fight to wage ; 

When lo ! above the din cries out a wag : 
" 'Tis not the vandals, only Braxton Bragg, 
Who comes to reenforce the garrison 
With gobbled troops of Teuton Eosy's men." 



330 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER XIX. 

[The succeeding pages are devoted principally to the testimony of Individ- 
uals who have been confined in other prisons.] 

AT MILLIN "CAMP LAWTON." 

Conspicuous upon the list of Rebel prisons stands 
the pen known South as Camp Lawton, near Millin, 
Georgia. 

The following is the testimony of Sergeant W. 
Goodyear, Seventh Regiment, Connecticut Volun- 
teers, who was removed to that place from Anderson- 
ville on the first of November, 1864. 

It was pleasantly situated, about eighty miles 
north of Savannah, in a country where pine forests 
abound. Indeed, these were a prominent feature in 
the external surroundings of many of the southern 
prisons. Trees would be felled, a clearing made, 
and here located the rude structure that was to be 
the cheerless home of thousands for long, weary 
mouths. Could a voice be given to these silent 
groves, and they become witnesses of what they 
have seen and heard, what revelations would be 
made of things that can never be known now ! 

The medium of human language fails to convey 
all the meaning involved in prison life in the South. 
It is true that a great part of the suffering in this 
present war, as in all wars, must forever remain 
with the secrets of unwritten history. A few, who 



AND THE ESCAPE. 331 

were themselves actors in the tragic scenes, may 
rehearse the story of their individual experience, 
and thus furnish, as it were, a key to unlock the 
gates through which others may enter and take a 
look. This ia the only way in which the people at 
large can become acquainted with this thrilling- 
portion of the war ; and authentic and reliable 
statements are therefore of deep interest and impor- 
tance. 

THE INCLOSURE. 

" Forty -four acres of ground were inclosed by the 
stockade at Millin. The large pine timber, which 
was cut down at the commencement of operations 
for building the prison, was left upon the ground ; 
and when the first prisoners went into their confine- 
ment there, they found these to be greatly to their 
advantage; for they were able to construct for 
themselves comfortable huts of logs and branches 
lying about them. In this respect they were more 
fortunate than many, or most others. The last di- 
vision that entered had no shelter at all, or at least 
of any account. A small stream of good water ran 
through the centre, which the men highly prized, 
particularly as it afforded the much needed privi- 
lege of bathing. At the time of my arrival there, 
the list of prisoners numbered nine thousand. The 
weather was very cold and stormy ; and as the 
majority of the men were very poorly clad, many 
of them being without shoes, blankets, or coats, and 
also without shelter, the suffering was very great. 
No medicine was issued to the men within the stock- 



332 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

ade, and but very few were taken outside to the hos- 
pital : consequently the mortality was fearful. 

AVERAGE NUMBER OF DEATHS PER DAT. 

" The number of deaths averaged from twenty-five 
to thirty-five per day. The prevailing diseases were 
such as are common to almost all prisons — the 
scurvy, diarrhoea, and rheumatism. It was no un- 
common occurrence for the morning light to reveal 
the pallid faces of three or four prisoners who 
had lain down side by side, showing that death 
had claimed them all during the night. Such 
sights were heart-rending to the most unfeeling; — 
the most stoical. The prisoner is condemned to 
these things, and there is no alternative but for him 
to gaze upon them, however sad and revolting they 
may be. He must steel himself against that which 
once would have sent sympathy through his whole 
being— a gushing tide. It could not be that the 
fountain of pity be stirred to its depths so often. 
Mature could not sustain the pressure ; therefore it 
seems that the whole is something like a martyr 
process, in which the very juices of life are crushed 
out by an uncontrollable force. 

" At the beginning of my stay at Millin, the ra- 
tions which were issued were double the amount we 
had at Anderson ville. We drew one pint of meal, 
six ounces of uncooked beef, six spoonfuls of rice, one 
teaspoonful of salt, as our allowance for twenty-four 
hours. Beans were sometimes substituted for rice ; 
but these were so much eaten by insects that they 
were often thrown away without being tasted. After 



AND THE ESCAPE. 3g£ 

a little while, however, the quantity decreased every 
day, so that it became nearly as small and poor as 
those issued in other prisons. 

INDUCEMENTS TO ENTER THE REBEL SERVICE. 

" The prospect of being exchanged or paroled was 
so small that some availed themselves of the oppor- 
tunity to take the oath of allegiance to the Confed- 
erate government, and entered the Rebel service. 
The inducements which were offered them to do 
this, were three bushels of sweet potatoes, a suit of 
clothes, and one hundred dollars in Confederate 
scrip. I was myself acquainted with quite a num- 
ber who did this ; and although I would make no 
excuse for them, I know the motive by which they 
were actuated. They knew no chance of getting 
out of prison alive. They had barely clothes to 
cover their nakedness, and they thought to prolong 
their existence in this way; and coupled with this 
was the idea of escaping and fleeing to the Union 
lines at the very first opportunity. But the whole 
thing was considered a mean, disgraceful act by 
every true patriot. I would have died a dozen 
deaths rather than to have been guilty of such a 
thing, and there were thousands of others of the 
same kind. 

VOTING AT MILLIN PRISON. 

" As the time of the Presidential election drew 
near, the Rebels expressed a desire that we should 
vote upon the question ourselves. Accordingly bal- 
lot-boxes were procured, and on the day when the 
people of the North were deciding the momentous 
14 



334 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

issue, we gathered together in Millin Prison, and in 
the midst of great excitement, gave expression to our 
political preferences. "We knew that it was war or 
peace. As we deposited our votes, so did we speak 
for one or the other, and show forth our position in 
the country's cause. At sunset the votes were 
counted, and the result was three thousand and 
fourteen votes for Lincoln, and ten hundred and 
fifty for McClellan." 



CAME TOO NEAR THE DEAD LINE. 

I am indebted to O. R. Dahl, late lieutenant, 
Fifteenth Wisconsin Infantry, for the following par- 
ticulars relative to the murder of Lieutenant Tur- 
bayne, which occurred after my escape from Co- 
lumbia : 

" About ten o'clock on the morning of the first 
of December, 1864:, Camp Sorghum was startled with 
the report of a musket, and soon the news spread 
through camp that Lieutenant Turbayne, Sixty- 
eighth New York Infantry, had been shot — murdered 
by one of the guard, a Mr. Williams of Newbury 
Court House, South Carolina. 

" Turbayne was walking along a path that ran by 
the corner of a hut, near the ' dead line,' but inside 
of it. Along this path the prisoners had walked 
hundreds of times without fear, for it was on our 
own ground. As Turbayne came along, the guard 
brought his piece to the shoulder, halted, and ordered 
him back. He turned to go, walked a step or two, 
when the villain shot him through the back, the ball 



^ 






u 



AND THE ESCAPE. 337 

passing through his lungs. He staggered a few steps, 
fell, and died within a few minutes. 

"Not only did Major Griswold refuse to investi- 
gate the matter, but after the murderer had been re- 
lieved by the officer of the day, he sent him back on 
duty that afternoon on the front line, and also into 
camp the next morning, surrounded by a body guard, 
for fear the officers would do violence to him — an in- 
sult of the blackest dye." 



338 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 



CHAPTER XX. 

SALISBURY PRISON. 

The prison at Salisbury, North Carolina, winch 
became so notorious during the war as one of the 
most loathsome dungeons in Rebeldom, was at first 
intended as a place of punishment for southern sol- 
diers guilty of military offences, and as a place of 
committal for hostages, who where usually sentenced 
to hard labor. It more recently came into general 
use, and hundreds of unfortunate victims said their 
last farewell in that miserable den. In order that we 
may obtain a better view of this horrible abode, I will 
transcribe the testimony of Messrs. Richardson and 
Brown, both widely known as correspondents for the 
public press. 

The following statement was made by the former, 
before the Committee on the Conduct of the War : 

" I was captured on a hay-bale in the Mississippi 
River, opposite Yicksburg, on the third of May, 1863, 
at midnight. After a varied experience in six dif- 
ferent prisons, I was sent to Salisbury on the third of 
February, 1864, from which place I escaped on the 
eighteenth of December following. 

" For months, Salisbury was the most endurable 
prison I had seen ; there were six hundred inmates. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 339 

They were exercised in the open air, comparatively 
well fed, and kindly treated. Early in October ten 
thousand regular prisoners of war arrived. It imme- 
diately changed into a scene of cruelty and horror; 
it was densely crowded, rations were cut down and 
issued very irregularly; friends outside could not 
even send in a plate of food. 

RATIONS. 

" The prisoners suffered considerably, and often 
intensely, for the want of bread and shelter; those 
who had to live or die on prison rations, always suf- 
fered from hunger ; very frequently one or more 
divisions of one thousand men would receive no ra- 
tions for twenty-four hours ; sometimes they were 
without food for forty-eight hours. A few, who had 
money, would pay from live to twenty dollars in 
Rebel currency for a little loaf of bread. Many, 
though the weather was inclement and snow frequent, 
sold the coats from their backs and shoes from their 
feet. I was assured, on authority entirely trust- 
worthy, that a 'great commissary warehouse near the 
prison was filled with provisions. The commissary 
found it difficult to find storage for his corn and meal ; 
and when a subordinate asked the post commandant, 
Major John H. Gee, ' Shall I give the prisoners full 
rations?' he replied, with an oath, ']STo! give them 
quarter rations.' 

" I know from personal observation, that corn and 
pork are very abundant in the region about Salisbury. 

" For weeks the prisoners had no shelter what- 
ever ; they were all thinly clad, thousands were bare- 



340 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

footed, not one in twenty had an overcoat or blanket, 
many hundreds were without shirts, and hundreds 
were without blouses. One Sibley tent and one A 
tent were furnished to each squad of one hundred; 
with the closest crowding, these sheltered about half 
the prisoners. The rest burrowed in the ground, 
crept under the buildings, or shivered through the 
night in the open air upon the frozen ground. 

" If the Rebels at the time of our capture had not 
stolen our shelter-tents, blankets, clothing, and money, 
they would have suffered very little from cold. If 
the prison authorities had permitted them, either on 
parole or under guard, to cut logs within two miles 
of the prison, the men would have built comfortable 
and ample barracks in one week ; but the command- 
ant would not consent, — he did not even furnish one 
half of the fuel needed. 

HORRIBLE CONDITION OF THE HOSPITALS. 

" The hospitals were in a horrible condition. More 
than half who entered them died in a few days. The 
deceased, always without coffins, were loaded into the 
dead-carts, piled on each other like logs of wood, and 
so driven out to be thrown in a trench and covered 
with earth. 

" The Rebel surgeons were generally humane and 
attentive, and endeavored to improve the shocking 
condition of the hospitals ; but the Salisbury and 
Richmond authorities disregarded their protests. 

THE ATTEMPTED OUTBREAK. 

" On the twenty-fifth of November, many of the 
prisoners had been without food for forty-eight hours, 



AND THE ESCAPE. 341 



and were desperate, without any matured plan. A 
few of them said, '"We may as well die in one way as 
another ; let us break out of this horrible place.' 
Some of them wrested the guns from a relief of fif- 
teen Rebel soldiers, just entering the yard, killing 
two who resisted, and wounding five or six others, 
and attempted to open the fence ; but they had 
neither adequate tools nor concert of action. Before 
they could effect a breach, every gun of the garrison 
was turned on them. The field-pieces opened with 
grape and canister, and they dispersed to their quar- 
ters. In five minutes from its beginning the attempt 
was quelled, and hardly a prisoner was to be seen 
in the yard. The Rebels killed sixteen in all, and 
wounded sixty. Not one-tenth of the prisoners had 
taken part in the attempt ; and many of them were 
ignorant of it until they heard the guns. Deliberate, 
cold-blooded murders of peaceable men, where there 
was no pretence that they were breaking any prison 
regulation, were very frequent. 

" Our lives were never safe for one moment. Any 
sentinel, at any hour of the day or night, could de- 
liberately shoot down any prisoner, or fire into a 
group of them, black or white, and never be taken 
off his post for it. 

" I left about six thousand and five hundred re- 
maining in garrison on the day of my escape, and 
they were then dying at the average rate of twenty- 
eight per day, or thirteen per cent, a month. The 
simple truth is, that the Rebel authorities are mur- 
dering our soldiers at Salisbury by cold and hunger, 
while they might easily supply them with ample food 



342 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

and fuel. They are doing this systematically, and I 
believe are killing them intentionally, for the purpose 
either of forcing our Government to an exchange, or 
forcing our men into their own army." 

The testimony of Mr. Brown, also a correspondent 
of the " Tribune," corroborates the above statements 
of Mr. Richardson. He says : 

" I have often wished that I could, obtain a 
photograph of that room in Salisbury Prison ; for 
I can give no idea of its repulsiveness and super- 
lative squalor. 

ORIGINAL DESIGN OF SALISBURY PRISON. 

" The prison was formerly a cotton factory, about 
ninety by thirty feet ; and when we were there, they 
had only six or seven hundred confined within its 
walls. A dirtier, smokier, drearier, and more un- 
wholesome place I had never seen than the room in 
which we were placed. It reminded me of some old 
junk-shop in South street of the city I had left, and 
was hung round with filthy rags — tattered quilts and. 
blankets, reeking with vermin, which the wretched 
inmates used as clothes and bed covering, — and 
thronged mostly with Northern and Southern cit- 
izens, most of whom were in garments long worn 
out, and as far removed from cleanliness as the 
wearers from happiness. In that abhorred abode we 
were compelled to eat and sleep as best we might. 
There were but two stoves, both old and broken, in 
the room ; and they gave out no heat, but any 
quantity of smoke, which filled the apartment with 
bitter blueness. Vermin swarmed everywhere; they 



AND THE ESCAPE. 343 

tortured us while we tried to sleep on our coarse 
blankets, and kept us in torment when awake. No 
light of any kind was furnished us ; and there we sat 
night after night in the thick darkness, inhaling the 
foul vapors and the acrid smoke, longing for the 
morning, when we could again catch a glimpse of the 
overarching sky. 

DEATH-LIFE. 

" Think of this death-life month after month ! 
Think of men of delicate organization, accustomed to 
ease and luxury, of fine taste, and a passionate love 
for the beautiful, without a word of sympathy, or a 
whisper of hope, wearing their days out amid such 
scenes. Not a pleasant sound, nor a sweet odor, nor 
a vision of fairness, ever reached them. They were 
buried as completely as if they lay beneath the 
ruins of Pompeii or llerculaneum. They breathed 
mechanically, but were shut out from all that renders 
existence endurable. Every sense was shocked per- 
petually, and yet the heart, by a strange inconsis- 
tency, kept up its throbs, and preserved the physical 
being of a hundred and fifty wretched captives, who, 
no doubt, often prayed to die. Few persons can 
have any idea of a long imprisonment in the South. 
They usually regard it as an absence of freedom, a 
deprivation of the pleasures and excitements of 
ordinary life. They do not take into consideration 
the scant and miserable rations that no one, unless he 
be half-famished, can eat ; the necessity of going cold 
and hungry in the wet and wintry season ; the con- 
stant torture from vermin, of which no care or caution 
14* 



344 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

can free one ; the total isolation ; the supreme dreari- 
ness, the dreadful monotony, the perpetual turning 
inward of the mind upon itself, the self-devouring of 
the heart, week after. week, month after month, and 
year after year. 1 ' 



AND THE ESCAPE. 345 



CHAPTER XXI. 

AT ANDEESONVILLE " CAMP SUMTER." 

" It is from no unfair motives that I am induced 
,o make the following statement of what I saw and 
experienced while a prisoner in the hands of the 
Rebels during the spring, summer, and autumn of 
18G4. I have tried to give a truthful account of 
some of the cruelties and sufferings which our poor 
boys were called to endure in filth} 7 , loathsome 
southern prisons and hospitals. It seems to me 
there can be no reason for any one to make a false 
report of the miseries we received at the hands 
of our heartless captors and brutal prison-keepers. 
To tell the troth of them is all that is needed to 
convince any reasonable man of their barbarities 
and fiendish attempt to deprive our soldiers, whom 
the fortune of war had thrown into their power, of 
every comfort and enjoyment of life. 

CAPTURE OF PLYMOUTH. 

"But to my narrative. I w T as captured April 
second, 1864, at Plymouth, North Carolina. It is to 
the credit of the Rebel soldiers whose good fortune it 
was to capture our command, stationed there to 
hold and defend the place, that we were treated 
with considerable courtesy and kindness while in 



34C THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

their power. To iny knowledge, no outrages were 
committed upon any of our white troops, though I 
believe the small negro force with us fared very 
hard. Our men were allowed to retain their blan- 
kets and overcoats, and all little articles of value 
which they might have upon their persons. Many 
of the men had about them large sums of money, 
which they were allowed to keep. 

MARCH FROM PLYMOUTH TO TARBORO 1 . 

" From Plymouth a long and wearisome march 
was made to Tarboro', a very pretty town, situated on 
the Neuse, a few miles from Goldsboro'. By the 
time we arrived there the men were much fa^ed 
and worn out. The last day of the march we were 
without rations, and suffered a great deal from hun- 
ger and weariness. Soon after reaching our camping- 
ground, near the town, rations were issued to us. 
There were a few cow peas, or beans, more prop- 
erly, some corn-meal, a small piece of bacon, and a 
very meagre allowance of salt, for each man. Some 
old iron kettles, tins, etc., were provided for us to 
cook our food in, and a small quantity of wood fur- 
bished ; and we managed to prepare a repast which 
«cas very palatable to our well-whetted appetites. 
A system of trading was immediately commenced, 
which was carried on for a while very briskly, but 
was finally prohibited by the Kebel authorities. Our 
men would barter away their watches, rings, gold 
pen-holders, pocket-knives, coat-buttons, etc., for 
Confederate pone cakes, hard bread, and bacon, 
from the Rebels. The most exorbitant prices were 



AND THE ESCAPE. 347 

demanded by both parties ; our men, however, gen- 
erally getting the best bargain. We had remained 
at Tarboro' but a few days when orders were received 
to remove all the Union prisoners who could travel to 
Anderson ville, Ga., immediately. We had already 
suffered much, both from hunger and exposure. 
Many were sick and feeble. All were anxious to 
leave, and we felt much relief at hearing that prepa- 
rations had been made to remove us to a pleasanter 
and more fruitful portion of the Confederacy. 

ANDERSONVILLE IN THE DISTANCE. 

" We were informed that Camp Sumter, the prison 
to which we were going, occupied a delightful local- 
ity, and also that our food there would be more 
wholesome and plenteous than that which we had 
yet received. Their fair accounts and pleasing 
stories but increased our anxiety to be off; and it 
was with no little pleasure that, on the morning of 
April twenty-ninth, we bade adieu to the gloomy field 
into which we had been turned as so many brutes, and 
inarched with quite joyous hearts to the depot in 
town. Here we were confined, crowded by forties 
into small and loathsome box-cars. Besides our 
own enormous numbers, six Rebel guards were 
stationed in each ' carriage ' ; a name which I heard 
applied by a foppish young officer to the miserable 
concern aboard which we were literally packed. 
Of course, the Rebels occupied the doors, and we 
nearly suffocated. Under such circumstances, many 
of the boys, less sanguine and hopeful than others, 
began to express doubts concerning the stories which 



3-1S THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

we had heard ; and intimated that they were all 
mere fabrications to deceive us, and make.it an easier 
matter to convey us to Camp Sumter. Without 
doubt, such was the case. It is certain that they 
made the utmost efforts to get us through to the 
stockade at Andersonville under as small a guard as 
possible. 

ARRIVAL AT CHARLESTON. 

" We arrived in Charleston on Sunday morning, 
May first. To our great surprise, we found that 
some of the inhabitants of the city were friendly to 
us. They distributed tobacco and cigars among the 
men, and some secretly brought them food. Months 
afterwards, some of our suffering, dying boys found 
inestimable friends in the Sisters of Charity who 
abode in the city. 

" Leaving Charleston at an early hour in the after- 
noon, we were hurried on at quite a rapid rate toward 
Savannah, Georgia. About six o'clock in the even- 
ing it commenced storming very hard, and, being on 
platform cars, we were thoroughly drenched with 
rain. 

" At about nine o'clock we changed cars a short 
distance from Savannah for Macon, at which place 
we arrived the following day a little past noon. 

" I was much pleased with Macon. It is a hand- 
some city, and pleasantly situated on the Ocmulgee 
River — a stream of some importance. It contain- 
ed a number of fine residences, several churches, two 
or three large iron foundries, and a car-factory, I 
believe. Trees, flowers, and gardens presented an 
appearance not unlike that of early summer at home. 



ASD THE ESCAPE. 351 

Almost everything there was looking pleasant and 
beautiful, and I felt very sad at leaving, knowing, as 
I then did, something of the true character of our 
future abode. 

ARRIVAL AT ANDERSONVILLE. 

" Late in the afternoon of May second we left 
Macon on our way to Andersonville, at which place 
we arrived some time in the evening. Soon after our 
arrival (here, we were marched into an open field 
near by, where we remained during the night. It 
being very cold, large fires had been made by the 
Rebel soldiers for our comfort. For this little act of 
kindness we indeed felt very grateful to them. The 
next morning, May third, a sinister-looking little for- 
eigner came down to us, and, with considerable bluster 
and many oaths, began to form us into detachments, 
containing two hundred and seventy men each. 
These detachments were subdivided into messes of 
ninety each, and placed under the control of a ser- 
geant, whose duty it was to attend roll-call, drawing 
rations, etc. At length, every tiling being ready, we 
were escorted into the yu-ison under a strong guard. 

" It is impossible to describe our feelings at this time. 
Everywhere around us were men in the most abject 
wretchedness and misery. Immediately on our arrival 
among them they began to gather around us, and, in 
a very touching manner, related the sad story of their 
sufferings and wrongs. "We could only sympathize 
with them. Beyond that, we could do nothing. AVe 
knew full well that the same cruelties which they had 
experienced were in store for us. The prospect before 



352 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

us was dark indeed. In the afternoon of the day on 
which I entered the prison, I ventured out some dis- 
tance into the camp. Everywhere was the most un- 
mistakable evidence of intense suffering and destitu- 
tion. Hundreds of the men were without shelter, and 
hut very few had any comfortable clothing. 

" The supply of wood was very small — scarcely 
enough to cook with ; and the poor fellows were obli- 
ged to lie, night after night, week after week, on the 
cold, damp ground, without even a fire to warm them- 
selves by. 

" The Rebels may claim that there was some cause 
for not issuing a sufficient quantity of food to our 
prisoners at Andersonville ; but for not granting us 
wood enough to keep us warm, and to cook with, 
there can be no apology. On three sides of the prison 
there was an immense woodland, from which all the 
wood that we needed could have been provided with 
very little difficulty. The same holds true in regard 
to shelter. I am persuaded that it was an act of pre- 
meditated inhumanity on the part of our enemies not 
to give us shelter. It would have required but a few 
weeks' time, and a few scores of hands, to have built 
barracks for our comfortless boys there, which would 
have been the means of saving hundreds of precious 
lives. If the Rebels would have granted us even the 
rough, un-hewn logs, and axes to work with, we would 
have built them ourselves. 

" The camp at this time was in a most loathsome 
condition. It then covered an area of about fifteen 
acres, and was enclosed by a high stockade, built of 
pine logs, hewn and closely joined together. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 353 

" Upward of twenty feet from the stockade was 

THE FATAL DEAD-LINE, 

beyond which any poor fellow passing was almost 
certain to be fired upon by some of the ever-watchful 
sentries. In the centre of the camp, and extending 
entirely around it, was a broad ravine, which, toward 
the beginning of summer, became one of the filthiest 
places imaginable, and was one of the chief causes of 
the vast amount of sickness which existed during the 
months of July and August following. About this 
time, May tenth, the average rate of mortality daily, 
was upward of fifteen. It afterward rose as high as 
seventy-five and one hundred. • 

" Sunday, May fifteenth, a wretched cripple, who 
had the reputation about camp of being a very danger- 
ous fellow, willing, for a double ration, to inform the 
Eebels of all plans made for escape which he might 
discover or accidentally hear of, was mortally wounded 
by a Rebel sentinel while on duty. For some unknown 
reason, the miserable man purposely passed beyond 
the dead line. The guard ordered him to go back ; 
he refused to do so, and used some insulting language 
in reply. The sentry then fired upon him. He fell, 
horribly wounded, and lived only about two hours. 

" Sunday, May twenty-second, a little incident of 
some note occurred in camp, to the great satisfaction 
of the well-disposed. It must be confessed that great 
demoralization prevailed among the prisoners. Quar- 
rels and fights were of frequent occurrence. 

" But the worst of all were the murderous deeds 
perpetrated by a desperate set of fellows, who had 



354 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

banded themselves together for the purpose of rob- 
bing the defenceless among them. From the sick and. 
powerless they would steal blankets and pails for 
cooking in ; and if a man was known to possess 
money, he was in danger of being deprived of it all, 
and possibly or' his life besides. This morning one 
of the heartless scoundrels had been caught in the 
act of stealing from some one of his companions, and 
met with summary punishment. A part of his head 
and beard, were shaven, and he was then exposed to 
the view of any who might wish to see him. After 
this he was turned over to the commandant of the 
prison, who immediately released him, but promised, 
the men that in the future they might inflict what 
punishment they should deem proper on all whom 
they should catch engaged in robbing their comrades. 
The prime cause of all this demoralization among the 
men was the treatment they received at the hands of 
the Rebels. Had the Confederate authorities pro- 
vided food in sufficient quantities for our men, and 
furnished other necessary comforts, it is altogether 
possible that no such deeds would have been commit- 
ted in the camp ; certainly they would have been 
very rare. 

RATIONS. 

" Toward the close of May our rations were ' cut 
down ' fearfully. Starvation really began to stare us 
in the face. There were but few who were not suf- 
fering the pangs of hunger continually. Our daily 
allowance was only about half of a small loaf of corn 
bread, about four ounces of bacon, and. a little ' mush ' 
made of Indian meal partially cooked in water. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 355 

" A portion of the camp drew raw rations, and 
fared somewhat better than those whose food was pre- 
pared before issued to them. Our food, when cooked 
outside, was always prepared in the most careless and. 
indifferent manner. It not unfrequently occurred 
that even the meagre supply of bread which we did 
receive was sent in to us half cooked, and, when in 
this condition, it would become during the night 
totally unfit to eat. 

" About the close of summer, cooked, beans were 
issued to us. These were always in a most disgusting 
state, and could have been eaten only by starving 
men. There was always a copious supply of gravel, 
pods, and, what was still worse, bugs, in each man's 
allowance of this miserable fare. 

" June third, a large number of wounded men 
were received at the camp, many of them in very 
destitute circumstances. 

" But few, if any of them, were admitted to the 
hospital, though a large number had severe and pain- 
ful wounds. Their sufferings became intense, almost 
unendurable. "Without shelter during the day, they 
suffered indescribably from scorching, burning heat, 
and at night perhaps not less so from the cold. 
Many died. It could not be otherwise. Who but 
the merciless enemies of our country can be held ac- 
countable for this fiendish sacrifice of valuable lives? 

AN UNJUST ORDER. 

" The morning of June ninth, a very unjust order 
was promulgated throughout camp. We had been 
permitted to send, nearly every day, a small squad of 



356 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

men from some of the detachments, under Kebel 
guards, into the woods near by, to procure some fuel 
for the camp, but it was now decided that no more 
should be allowed to go forward until they would 
solemnly pledge themselves not to attempt to escape 
while outside the stockade for that purpose ; and if, 
after having given their pledge, they should violate it, 
the detachment to which they belonged should receive 
rations only every alternate day until the time that 
those who had escaped should be recaptured. To go 
without wood was impossible; to submit was the 
only way by which we could obtain it, and conse- 
cpiently we were under the necessity of yielding to 
the base demand. 

" Sunday morning, June nineteenth, one of our 
men, unfortunately getting beyond the dead-line, was 
tired upon by the guard. He was missed, but the 
ball wounded two others, one severely. 

" On the twenty-first, another man was shot while 
merely reaching beyond the dead-line for a small 
piece of wood which he needed. 

BARBAROUS TREATMENT OF THE SICK. 

" Toward the close of June, sickness and death 
began to prevail in camp to an alarming extent. 
The men died by scores daily. But few were admit- 
ted to the hospital, and even when received there, it 
was not until life was nearly extinct. The old pris- 
oners who had been incarcerated for months at Belle 
Island, were falling away with fearful rapidity. 
Nearly all those still living could see nothing before 
them but a slow, torturing death, from a most pain- 



AND THE ESCAPE. 357 

ful disease, which had been caused by a want of 
proper food, and constant exposure. None can fully 
realize the intense agony, the horrid suspense and 
wretchedness, felt by these unfortunate men, but 
those who have had a like experience. Indeed, their 
sufferings were beyond description. Only a few 
could receive medical treatment, and that scarcely 
worth mentioning, while in every part of camp were 
as brave and loyal soldiers as any that had ever taken 
up arms in defence of freedom, suffering and dying 
in a manner that might have shocked even the rude 
sensibilities of an American savage. It seemed that 
the more bitter our anguish became, the more de- 
lighted were our fiendish keepers. Not satisfied with 
the cruelties inflicted upon us, they even carried their 
animosities beyond this life, and declined to give a 
Christian burial to our dead. I will not now longer 
dwell upon this subject. It is too painful to contem- 
plate. 

" July thirteenth, one of the men, in attempting to 
procure some clean water to drink, passed a little be- 
yond the dead-line, and was fired upon by two of the 
guards almost simultaneously. Both balls missed him, 
but took effect upon two other men, killing one of them 
immediately. 

JOSEPH EGALF. 

" About the middle of July I was fortunate enough 
to make the acquaintance of a most excellent young 
man from Philadelphia, a member of the Seventh 
Pennsylvania Reserve Corps Volunteers, Joseph Egalf 
by name, who was actively engaged in caring for our 
neglected wounded men. From morning to night he 



358 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

went about dressing their wounds and ministering to 
their wants, and was unremitting in liis efforts to 
benefit and comfort them. All in suffering liad his 
sympathy and compassion, and his aid, so far as it 
was in his power to render assistance. What finally 
became of him I do not know, but, should he be liv- 
ing, it is hoped something may be done to reward him 
handsomely for his many acts of love and kindness 
toward our poor boys who were with him at Ander- 
son ville. 

" I find the following written in my diary under 
date of July twenty-fifth : 'While walking in camp 
this morning, I observed several poor fellows lying 
upon the ground, without shelter, blanket, coat, or 
even blouse — merely shirts and pants to protect them 
from the bitter cold of the past night.' There are a 
great many in camp in the same condition, and hun- 
dreds who are without shelter, blanket, and overcoat. 

" To some it may seem incredible that it should be 
very cold during the night at this season of the year, 
but such was indeed the case. 

" It may be asked, What became of the prisoners' 
clothing % I answer that, except in a few instances, 
it was stolen by the Rebels. Many a poor fellow can 
remember how unceremoniously he was stripped of 
almost every thing of value in his possession in an 
hour after his capture. Resistance was useless. To 
resist was to expose one's self to certain death. If a 
bare command would not bring a man out of his new 
boots, or induce him to give up his coat, a loaded 
pistol pointed at his head would. 

"July twenty-seventh, another of our men was 



AND THE ESCAPE. 359 

sliot. He received a horrible wound in the Lead, and 
was carried out of camp in a dying condition. 

"August fourth, still another was shot, receiving 
a severe wound through the body. August sixth, 
another cold-blooded murder was committed. 

" One of the men, passing a little too near the 
stockade, was shot dead by a guard on duty. It had 
become dangerous to pass at the regular crossing. 
The sentinels seemed to be more vigilant than ever 
before in watching for opportunities to shoot down 
onr poor unarmed men. No one was safe. No 
warning was given to a thoughtless intruder. The 
first thing one would know of his terrible condition 
after passing the fatal line, was a quick, sharp report, 
a groan, and all was over — another murder was com- 
mitted. About the middle of August, the rate of 
mortality was about eight per day. Diarrhoea and 
scurvy were the chief scourges of the camp. The 
fearful work of death was visible everywhere around 
us. I have frequently seen as many as thirty dead 
men lying in a row at the prison gate to be carried 
out for burial. It was sad, indescribably so, to see 
these brave men dying so far from home and its hal- 
lowed associations. No fond parents near to speak 
words of comfort and tenderness. None able to min- 
ister to their temporal necessities — none who could 
alleviate their sufferings. Alone they must writhe in 
the agonies of death, alone to die. 

" It was under such circumstances of darkness and 
misery, that the shining truths of Christianity shone 
out before men in their unsurpassed glory and heaven- 
ly beauty. Many a freed, joyous spirit went from 



360 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

that fonl, loathsome prison to immortal life and hap- 
piness. 

" Thus far, only some of the physical sufferings 
consequent to our imprisonment have been briefly 
mentioned ; it is now time to refer, for a few mo- 
ments, to the 

INTENSE MENTAL TEIALS 

and afflictions which we prisoners experienced. 

" In my diary, under date of August twenty-fourth, 
I find the following : ' I believe the loss of health, expo- 
sure to privations, and physical sufferings consequent 
upon the manner of life in which we are now compelled 
to live, are not the saddest effects of our present captivi- 
ty. But that which is the most lamentable is the men- 
tal debility which, under the present state of things, 
we must necessarily experience.' Again, ' The finer 
feelings — that which makes more lovely — as social 
being, love, affection, friendship, kindness, and courtesy 
— are being constantly deadened, rooted out from the 
heart, leaving it in a most woful condition.' Scarce- 
ly an hour in which anxiety about distant friends, 
suspense in regard to the future, and frequent despair, 
were not felt. It seems to me that the mind must 
have been in a state of trouble and anxiety nearly all 
of the time its frail tenement was suffering from con- 
finement and disease. It was almost impossible to 
procure reading matter. Some of the soldiers had 
Bibles and Testaments, which were eagerly sought 
after and read by many of the men. 

" It was with great difficulty one could think very 
attentively about other subjects than home and re- 
lease from imprisonment. A topic for conversation 



AND THE ESCAPE. 3G1 

might be introduced among a squad of men ; per- 
haps they might talk about it for a few moments, but 
it would soon be dropped, and home, friends, and 
possibility or probability of exchange would come up 
for discussion. Men — brave men, indeed — became 
gloomy and despondent. Light faded from the once 
brilliant, fiery eye; the color disappeared from the 
manly countenance ; manhood seemed to forget itself; 
the entire man was speedily drifting toward a fearful 
ruin. Hope had nearly vanished. The mind was labor- 
ing under intense agony. To some the burden was 
too much, and they have never recovered from its 
baneful effects. Others have nearly recovered, but 
the scars remain. 

REMOVAL OF PRISONERS FROM ANDERSONVILLE. 

" September seventh, the removal of the prisoners 
from Camp Sumter to other parts of the Confederacy 
was commenced. We were induced by the Rebel au- 
thorities to believe that this unexpected movement 
was for a general exchange. With this belief our 
men could be sent away with only a small force 
guarding them, which was a consideration of no little 
importance with the Rebels just at that time. 

" Suddenly stricken down with a violent attack 
of the scurvy, I was unable to leave with my detach- 
ment, and was left with the sick in camp. After suf- 
fering several days, I managed to get out with the 
first squad of sick which left for Florence, South Car- 
olina. I was quite weak and feeble when I arrived 
at Florence, but a change of climate and diet rapidly 
improved ray condition, and in a few days I was able 
15 



362 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

to walk about without crutches. Soon afterward I was 
detailed as hospital steward, and paroled. From that 
time till ray release, November thirtieth, my treatment 
was much better than it had been while I was at 
Camp Sumter. But in regard to that received by the 
thousands of poor fellows in the prison, there was but 
little apparent change. They suffered from cold and 
hunger perhaps more than while at Andersonville. 

"I will here close ray accounts of the sufferings 
of our friends. So far as I am concerned personally, 
I can forgive our bitter foes the cruelties which they 
have inflicted upon me. I do not desire revenge. 
That is farthest from my heart. God will punish 
them for their evil deeds. They have already suffer- 
ed terribly. I feel that all should now try to do what- 
ever they can to narrow the breach which exists be- 
tween them and ourselves. I have always been glad 
our government so nobly declined to resort to retalia- 
tion. We cannot afford to be cruel. It is our high- 
est honor to award good for evil. 

" The magnanimity of our people is beyond ques- 
tion, and our enemies must acknowledge it. Our arms 
have conquered their proud hosts ; our kindness must 
now subdue the enmity of their hearts. We must be 
neither too lenient nor too severe. To the leaders 
who precipitated us into four years of bloodshed and 
war, the severest punishment which the law can give ; 
but to the poor misguided masses, that clemency 
which only a noble people are capable of exercising." 



AND THE ESCAPE. 363 

[The following poetical description of prison life in the South 
is from the genial pen of an Andersonville prisoner, whose name 
I have not been able to learn. ] 

UNION PRISONERS, FROM DIXIE'S SUNNY LAND. 

Air — " Twenty Years Ago." 



Dear friends and fellow-soldiers brave, come listen to our song 
About the Rebel prisons, and our sojourn there so long; 
Yet our wretched state and hardships great no one can under- 
stand, 
But those who have endured this fate in Dixie's sunny land. 

II. 

When captured by the chivalry, they stript us to the skin, 
But failed to give us back again the value of a pin, 
Except some lousy rags of gray, discarded by their band, 
And thus commenced our prison life in Dixie's sunny hind. 

III. 

"With a host of guards surrounding us, each with a loaded gun, 
"We were stationed in an open plain, exposed to rain and sun ; 
No tent or tree to shelter us, we lay upon the sand ', 
Thus, side by side, great numbers died in Dixie's sunny land. 

IV. 

This was the daily " bill of fare " in that Secesh saloon- 
No sugar, tea, or coffee there, at morning, night or noon ; 
But a pint of meal, ground cob and all, was served to every man, 
And for want of fire we ate it raw in Dixie's sunny land. 



We were by these poor rations soon reduced to skin and bone, 
A lingering starvation — worse than death, you can but own ; 



364 THE CAPTURE, THE PRISON PEN, 

There hundreds lay, hoth night and day, hy far too "week to 

stand, 
Till death relieved their sufferings in Dixie's sunny land. 

VI. 

We poor survivors oft were tried hy many a threat and bribe, 
To desert our glorious Union cause, and join the Eebel tribe ; 
Though fain were we to leave the place, we let them under- 
stand, 
"We had rather die than thus disgrace our flag in Dixie's land ! 

VII. 

Thus dreary days and nights rolled by — yes, weeks and months 

untold, 
Until that happy time arrived when we were all paroled. 
We landed at Annapolis, a wretched looking band, 
But glad to be alive and free from Dixie's sunny land. 

VIII. 

How like a dream those days now seem in retrospective view, 
As we regain our wasted strength, all dressed in " Union Blue." 
The debt we owe our bitter foe shall not have long to stand ; 
We shall pay it with a vengeance soon in Dixie's sunny land. 



AND THE ESCAPE. 365 

RATIONS ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TO 

rebel prisoners of war. (Note tlio difference.) 

Hard bread, ... 14 oz. per one ration, or 18 oz. soft bread, 

one ration. 
Corn meal, . . . 18 oz. per one ration. 

Beef, 14 " " " " 

Bacon or pork, . . 10 " " " " 

Beans, 6 qts. per 100 men. 

Hominy or rice, . 8 lbs. " " " 
Sugar, . . . . 44 " " " " 
R. Coffee, . . . 5 " ground, or 7 lbs. raw, per 100 men. 

Tea, 18 oz. per 100 men. 

Soap, 4 " " u " 

Adamantine candles, 5 candles per 100 men. 
Tallow candles, . 6 " " " " 

Salt, 2 qts. " " " 

Molasses, . . . 1 qt. " " " 

Potatoes, .... 30 lbs. " " " 

STATEMENT OF CLOTHING ISSUED TO PRISONERS OF WAK 
AT FORT DELAWARE, 

From Sept. 1st, 1863, to Hay 1st, 1864. 

7,175 pairs Drawers (Canton flannel). 
C.2G0 Shirts (flannel). 
8,807 pairs woollen Stockings. 
1,094 Jackets and Coats. 
3,480 pairs Bootees. 
1,310 pairs Trousers. 
4,378 woollen Blankets. 
2,680 Great Coats. 
Average number of prisoners, 4,489. 



APPENDIX. 



The following Appendix is not as perfect as I 
could wish, it being very difficult to avoid errors in 
lists of this kind. The principal portion of the names 
were taken from the Itebel adjutant's book at Libby 
Prison, during the winter and spring of 1864, by 
Captain Fisher, to whom I have alluded in my Pre- 
face. I compiled the remainder while imprisoned at 
Columbia. The post-office address of the officers has 
been given, as far as they could be obtained. 

Those marked thus (*) died during their imprison- 
ment. 



OFFICERS 



UNITED STATES ARMY AND NAVY, 

|]risoncts of Ptar, |Tibbn prison, gicbmonb, lb. 



[This list comprises those officers who were imprisoned at Lihby Prison 
during the winter and spring of 1864. They were removed from Richmond to 
Danville in the early part of May, and from thence to Macon, Savannah, Charles- 
ton, Columhia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsboro'.* The succeeding list fur- 
nishes the additional captures of the summer and fall campaigns.] 



Name. 
Bow, Xeal, 
Scameron, O. P., 
Wcssells, H. W., 



Bartleson, P. A., 
Carlton, C. H., 
De Cesnola, P., 
Ely, Wm. G., 
Kindrick, W. P., 
Lawson, O. A., 
Le Favour, H., 
McClain, R. W., 
Powell, W. H., 
Rose, Thos. E., 



BRIGADIER-GENERALS. 

Regiment or Command. 
1st Brig. 2d Div. 19 A. C, 
3d Dept., W. Va. 

Plymouth, N. C, 

COLOXELS. 

100th 111. Infantry, 
89th O. Infantry, 
4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
3d W. Tenn. Cavalry. 
3d O. Infantry. 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
51st O. Infantry. 
2d Va. Cavalry. 
77th Pa. Infantry, 



* A small portion of the Libby prisoners were sent North for special exchan; 
of March, and r few succeeded in escaping b fore t\c reached Georgia. 

15* 



Residence. 
Portland, Me. 

Washington, D. C. 



Chicago, 111. 
Oswego, N. Y. 
New York City. 
New Haven, Conn. 



Detroit, Mich. 



Pittsburgh, Pa. 

during the i 



370 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Streight, A. D., 
Tilden, Chas. W.. 
Tippin, A. H., 
Wilson, W. T., 



Regiment or Command. 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
16th Me. Infantry. 
68th Pa. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry. 



Residence. 
Indianapolis, Ind. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



LIEUTENANT COLONELS. 



Archer, S. M., 
Boyd, I. F., 
Cavada, T. F., 
Farns worth, C, 
Glenn, W. A., 
Hays, E. L., 
Henry, A. P., 
Hunter, H. B., 
Irvine, Wm., 
Johnson, O. C, 
Joslin, G. C, 
Lasselle W. P., 
Lichfield, A. C, 
Martin, C. H., 
Mayhew, J. D., 
McCreary, W. B., 
McHolland, D. A., 
McMackin, W. O., 
Miles, D., 
Nichols, M., 
Northcott, R. S., 
Piper, P. S., 
Polslcy, I. J., 
Price, Wm., 
Robert, H. C, 
Rogers, A. F., 
Sanderson, J. M., 
Spofford, J. T., 
Von Helmrich, G., 
Von Schrader, A., 
Walker, J. N., 
West, T. S., 



17th la. Infantry, 
20th Army Corps. 
114th Pa. Infantry. 
1st Conn. Cavalry, 
S9th O. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry, 
15th Ey. Cavalry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
10th N.Y. Cavalry, 
15th Wis. Infantry. 
15th Mass. Infantry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
7th Mich. Cavalry, 
S4th 111. Infantry. 
Sth Ky. Infantry. 
21st Mich. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
21st 111. Infantry. 
79th Pa. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
12th Va. Infantry. 
77th Pa. Infantry. 
SthVa. Infantry. 
139th Va. Militia. 
21st Wis. Infantry. 
80 th 111. Infantry. 



79th N. Y. Infantry, 
4th Mo. Cavalry, 
A. I. Gen. U. S. Vol?. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
24th Wis. Infantry, 



Indianapolis, Ind. 

Hartford, Conn. 
Columbus, O. 

Albany, N. Y. 
Boston, Mass. 
Grand Rapids, Mich. 

Flint, Mich. 
Hartford, Conn. 



Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Little Falls, N. Y. 
St. Louis, Mo. 



Racine, Wis. 



APPENDIX. 



371 



Name. 
Williams, J., 
Wing, I. H., 



Regiment or Command. 
25th 0. Infantry. 
3d 0. Infantry. 



Residence. 



Bates, E. N., 
Beatley, W. T., 
Beers, C. H., 
Bogle, A., 
Carpenter, D. A., 
Clarke, M. E., 
Cooke, E. F., 
Collins, J. P., 
Edwards, J. J., 
FitzsimniODS, G. W. 
Goff, K, jr., 
Hall, J., 
Henry, J., 
Hill, J. B., 
Hooper, J. H., 
Johnson, II. I., 
Kercher, D. M., 
Kovax, S., 
Marsh, S., 
Marshall, W. S., 
McDonald, B. B., 
Mclrvin, S., 
McMahan, A., 
Moore, M., 
Morton, W. D., 
Muhlman, J. K., 
Neepcr, W. P., 
Owens, W. N., 
Pasco, H. L., 
Phelps, L. N., 
Phillips, A., 
Pope, E. M., 
Rodgers, T. B., 
Pvussell, W. I., 



MAJORS. 

SOth 111. Infantry, 
2d O. Infantry. 
16th 111. Cavalry. 
35th U. S. C. T., 
2d Tenn. Cavalry. 
5th Mich. Cavalry, 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
29th Ind. Infantry. 
32d Maes. Infantry. 
SOth Ind. Infantry. 
4th W. Va. Cavalry, 
1st Va. Cavalry. 
5th O. Cavalry. 
17th Mass. Infantry, 
15th Mass. Infantry, 
11th Tenn. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
54th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
5th la. Infantry. 
101st O. Infantry. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
21st O. Infantry. 
29th Ind. Infantry. 
14th N. Y. Cavalry, 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
57th Pa. Infantry, 
let Ky. Cavalry, 
lGth Conn. Infantry, 
5th Va. Infantry. 
77th Pa. Infantry. 
8th N. Y. Cavalry, 
140th Pa. Infantry. 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 



Chicago, M. 



Boston, Mass. 

Ann Arbor, Mich. 
Dcckartown, N. J. 



Wurtemberg, W. Va. 



Chelsea, Mass. 
Boston, Mass. 



New York City. 



Lafayette, Ind. 



Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Woodburn, ILL 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Somerset, Ky. 
Hartford, Conn. 



Rochester, N. Y. 
Albany, N. Y. 



372 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Stewart, A., 
Vananda, I. C, 
Von Witzel, A., 
Wade, J. B., 
White, H. A., 
White, Harry, 



Regiment or Command. 
A A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
3d O. Infantry. 
74th Pa. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
13th Pa. Cavalry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 



Residence. 
TJniontown, Pa. 



Indiana, Pa. 



Adams, S. B., 
Adams, W. E., 
Adams, C. A. 
Airey, W., 
Alban, H. H., 
Albright, J., 
Aldrich, C. S., 
Alexander, E. C, 
Allen, S., 

Armstrong, W. F., 
Arthurs, S. C, 
Arthur, J. A, 
Atwood, E. W., 
Avery, W. B., 
Baas, E., 
Bailey, D. I., 
Baldwin, M. P., 
Banks, B. V., 
Bascom, E. B., 
Barton, J. II., 
Barton, F., 
Barritt, D. M., 
Barnes, J. W., 
Beale, E., 
Beeman, W. M., 
Bender, W. P., 
Bending, H. R., 
Benner, H. S., 
Berry, A., 
Bigelow, A. J., 



CAPTAINS. 

85th N. Y. Veterans. 
89th O. Infantry. 
IstVt. Cavalry, 
15th Pa. Cavalry, 
21st O. Infantry. 
STth Pa. Cavalry. 
85th N. T. Infantry, 
1st Del. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
74th O. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
8th Ky. Cavalry. 
16th Me. Infantry. 
132d N. Y. Infantry. 
20th 111. Infantry. 
99th N. Y. Infantry. 
2d Wis. Infantry. 
13th Ky. Infantry. 
5th la. Infantry. 
1st Ky. Cavalry. 
10th Mass. Infantry, 
89 th O. Infantry. 
83d N. Y. Infantry. 
8th Tenn. Infantry. 
1st Va. Cavalry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
61st O. Infantry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
3d Md. Cavalry, 
79th 111. Infantry. 



Wallingford, Vt. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Canandaigua, N. Y. 
Black Creek, N. Y. 
Brookville, Pa. 



Boston, Masa. 



Circlevillc, O. 
Gettysburg, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 



APPENDIX. 



373 



Name. 
Bird, John, 
Birch, J., 
Blinn, L. D., 
Bohannan, D. E.,* 
Boltz, W. K., 
Borgess, L. T., 
Bowers, G. W., 
Boyd, M., 
Brown, C. D., 
Brown, J. A., 
Burke, T. F, 
Bnsh, J. G., 
Byron, Chas., 
Carley, A., 
Casker, H., 
Carroll, J., 
Carpenter, J. C, 
Casler, B. G., 
Campbell, B. F., 
Canfleld, S. S., 
Canton, Miles. 
Callahan, M., 
Cams, M. C, 
Calhoun, A R., 
Cartwrigkt, A G., 
Charlicr, E., 
Christopher, Jno., 
Chamherlin, J. W., 
Clarke, T., 
Clark, J. A., 
Clark, M. L., 
Clapp, J. B., 
Coats, H. A, 
Conrad, W. F., 
Comee, C. C, 
Cornwall, R. T., 
Cochran, 51. A., 
Cochran, W. N., 
Collin?, W. A, 



Regiment or Command. 
14th Pa. Cavalry. 
42d Ind. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
3d Term. Cavalry. 
181st Pa. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
16th 111. Cavalry. 
3d 0. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
1st N. Y. Cavalry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
154th N. T. Infantry, 
39th 111. Infantry. 
21st O. Infantry. 
21st O. Infantry. 
9th Md. Infantry. 
3d Tenn. Infantry. 
1st Ky. Cavalry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
157th N. Y. Infantry, 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
79th 111. Infantry. 
7th Mich. Cavalry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
25th la. Infantry. 
94th N. Y. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
42d 111. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 



Dyberry, Pa. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 



WellsvUle, N. Y. 
Hartford, Conn. 

Lenox, O. 



East Randolph, N. Y. 



Louisville, Ky. 
Phillips Creek, N. Y. 
New York City. 



Mansfield, Pa. 
Wcthersfield, Conn. 
Wellsville, N. Y. 



374 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Connover, S. D., 
Conway, W. E., 
Copeland, J. R., 
Compiler, A., 
Cratty, E. G., 
Craig, Jno., 
Crocker, G. A., 
Cummins, T., 
Cummins, J. P., 
Curd, R. S., 
Cusac, J., 
Cutler, Jno., 
Davis, H. C, 
Davis, G. C, 
Day, R. H., 
Day, E. jr., 
Deung, W. N., 
Dillion, P. W., 
Dietz, H., 
Dinsmorc, R., 
Dillingham, E., 
Dirks, F. C, 
Donaghy, J., 
Domsckkc, B., 
Doten, P. B., 
Douglass, W. H., 
Driscoll, E. M., 
Dunce, Jno., 
Dunsliane, J. M., 
Dunn, E. J., 
Dygert, K S., 
Eastmond, O., 
Eberheart, H. H., 
Eglin, A., 
Ewen, M., 
Ewing, S. H., 
Evers, B. F., 
Pay, J. B., 
Field, A., 



Regiment or Command. 
121st LI. Infantry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
7th O. Cavalry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
1st Va. Cavalry, 
5th N. T. Cavalry. 
19th TJ. S. Infantry. 
9th Md. Infantry. 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
21st O. Infantry. 
34th O. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
4th Me. Infantry. 
56th Pa. Infantry. 
89th O. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
1st Ky. Cavalry. 
45th N. T. Infantry, 
5th Pa. Infantry. 
10th Va. Infantry. 
1st Tenn. Infantry. 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
26th Wis. Infantry, 
14th Conn. Infantry. 
A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
3d O. Infantry. 
A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
142d N. Y. Infantry. 
1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
16th Mich. Infantry. 
1st N. C. U. S. Infantry, 
120th O. Infantry, 
45th O. Infantry. 
21st Wis. Infantry, 
26th O. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
154th N. T. Infantry. 
94th N. T. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Squaw Village, N. J. 



Ramsburg, Pa. 
Butler, Pa. 
Wheeling, W. Va. 



Canterbury, Conn. 



Bainbridge, O. 



New York City. 



Allegheny City, Pa. 
Milwaukee, Wis. 



New York City. 
Wooster, O. 

Fond Du Lac, Wis. 



Weedsport, N. Y. 



APPENDIX. 



375 



Name. 
Fisk, J. E., 
Fischer, B. F., 
Flinn, Jno. M., 
Fobes, E. A., 
Forrester, W., 
Foster, J. W., 
Frey, E., 

Freeman, D. W. D., 
Galbraith, A. G., 
Gallagher, M., 
Gallaher, J. F., 
Gates, J., 
Gatch, O. C, 
Gait, Jas., 
Getman, Di., 
Gimber, H. W., 
Glenn, S. A, 
Goetz, J., 
Gordon, G. C, 
Gray, W. L., 
Grafton, B., 
Green, J. H., 
Green, G. W., 
Gregg, II. U., 
Grose, J. W., 
Gustaveson, Chas., 
Hay, Daniel, 
Hagler, J. G., 
Haack, A., 
Hamlin, S. G, 
Hart, P. H, 
Hart, V. K., 
Hant, W. W., 
Hasty, Chas., 
Hamilton, A. G., 
Handy, T., 
Haikness, R., 
Hawkins, H. E., 
Hayes, A. H, 



Regiment or Command. 
2d Mass. Artillery, 



51st Ind. Infantry. 
A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
24th O. Infantry. 
42d 111. Infantry, 
S2d 111. Infantry. 
101st Pa, Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Cavalry. 
2d O. Infantry. 
33d O. Infantry. 
89th O. Infantry, 
A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
10th N. T. Cavalry, 
150th Pa. Infantry, 
89th O. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
24th Mich. Infantry, 
151st Pa. Infantry. 
64th O. Infantry, 
100th O. Infantry, 
19th Ind. Infantry, 
13th Pa. Cavalry, 
18th Ky. Infantry. 
15th Wis. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 
5th Tenn. Infantry. 
18th N. Y. Infantry. 
134th N. Y. Infantry, 
19th Ind. Infantry, 
19th U. S. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
12th Ky. Infantry. 
79th 111. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
7Sth 111. Infantry, 
7th Tenn. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
Grantville, Mass. 



Belvidere, 111. 

Irish Ripple, Pa. 
Lexington, Mich. 



Millford, O. 

Mayfleld, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Hillsboro*, O. 
Mount Clemens, Mich. 
Detroit, Mich. 

Marion, O. 
Fremont, O. 
Muncie, Ind. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Schenectady, N. Y. 
Edensburg, Ind. 



Lafayette, Ind. 



Coastbury, 111. 
Lovingtoi), Tenn. 



376 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Harris, W., 
Heyer,*A. M., 
Hendricks, J., 
Heil, J., 
Heffley, A., 
Herold, J. B., 
Hetsler, J. W., 
Hertzog, R. H. O., 
Hescock, H., 
Hintz, H., 
Hock, R. B., 
Holt, W. C, 
Honey cutt, S. C, 
Hodge, A.; 
Hubtell, W. L., 
Huntley, C. C, 
Inibric, J. M., 
Irsch, F., 
Irwin, S., 
Ives, R. O., 
Jackson, J. S., 
Jennings, J. T., 
Jones, 8. F. 
Jones, D. I., 
Johnson, R., 
Johnson, J. C, 
Johnson, J. M., 
Johnson, J. A., 
Joselyn, F. R., 
Kendall, W. M., 
Keeler, A. M., 
Kelly, D. A., 
Kelly, J., 
Kelly, D. F., 
Kennedy, J., 
King, S. B., 
Koch, E. M., 
Krause, J., 
Laud, J. R., 



Regiment or Command. 
24th Mo. Cavalry, 
10th Va. Cavalry. 
1st N. Y. Cavalry. 
45th N. T. Infantry, 
142d Pa. Infantry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
9th O. Calvalry, 
1st N. Y. Cavalry, 
1st Mo. Artillery, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
12th N. Y. Cavalry, 
6th Tenn. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry, 
17th Conn. Infantry. 
16th III. Infantry, 
3d O. Infantry, 
45th N. Y. Infantry, 
3d la. Infantry. 
10th Mass. Infantry, 
22d 111. Infantry, 
45th O. Infantry, 
SOth 111. Infantry, 
1st Ky. Cavalry. 
6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
149th Pa. Infantry, 
6th Ky. Infantry. 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
11th Mass. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
1st Ky. Cavalry. 
73d Pa. Infantry. 
73d Pa. Infantry. 
73il Pa. Infantry. 
12th Pa. Cavalry, 
5th Md Infantry. 
3d Pa. Artillery. 
60th Ind. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Mount Vernon, Mo. 



New York City. 
Berlin, Pa. 

Calvina, O. 
New York City. 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Hartford, Conn. 
New York City. 
Trenton, Tenn. 

Fosterbury, 111. 

Springfield, 111. 
WellsviUe, O. 
New York City. 

Rochester, N. Y. 
Salem, 111. 
Kenton, O. 
Jones' Creek, 111. 

Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 
Couder's Post, Pa. 



Boston, Mass. 
Plymouth, Ind. 
Disco, Mich. 



New Haven, Conn. 



Leavenworth, Ind. 



APPENDIX. 



377 



Name. 
Lee, E. M., 
Lewis, J. W., 
Lounsberry, K. F., 
Lovett, L. P., 
Love, J. E., 
Loyd, J. K., 
Lucas, John, 
Lucas, W. D., 
Mattherson,* E. J., 
Martins, W. F., 
Marsh, P., 
Marsh, S., 
Mann, C. A., 
Mass, E. A., 
Makepeace, A. J., 
Mason, H. H., 
Marncy, A., 
Martin, J. C, 
Mackey, J. F., 
Manning, G. A., 
McComas, J. M., 
McDowell, J. S., 
McGinnis,* W., 
McGuiddy, H. C, 
McHolland, D. A,, 
McKee,* S., 
McMahon, J., 
McMoor, 

McRobcrts, J. B., 
Meany, D. B., 
Mennert, F., 
Metcalf, C. W., 
Metcalf, A. W., 
Meade, S., 
Meager, J., 
Milsaps, M. R., 
Moses, C. C, 
Morris, W. M., 
Moore, G. W., 



Regiment or Command. 
5th Mich. Cavalry. 
4th Ky. Cavalry. 
10th N. T. Cavalry. 
5th Ky. Infantry. 
8th Ky. Infantry, 
17th Mass. Infantry, 
5th Ky. Infantry. 
5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
ISth Conn. Infantry, ' 
14th Mass. Artillery. 
6Tth Pa. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
5th El. Cavalry. 
88th Pa. Infantry. 
19th Ind. Infantry, 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
2dE. Tenn. Infantry. 
1st Tenn. Artillery. 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
2d Mass. Cavalry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
77th Pa. Infantry. 
74th 111. Infantry. 
1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
14th Ky. Cavalry. 
94th N. Y. Infantry, 
29th Ind. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry. 
13th Pa. Cavalry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
42d Ind. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. Cavalry. 
111th N. Y. Infantry, 
40th O. Infantry. 
2d E. Tenn. 
5Sth Pa. Infantry. 
93d 111. Infantry. 
7th Tenn. Infantry, 



St. Louis, Mo. 
Boston, Mass. 

East Gainsville, N. Y. 
Dixon, Conn. 



Anderson, Ind. 
Lafayette, Ind. 



Clarion, Pa. 
Oldtown, Mass. 



Adriauce, Ind. 
Titusville, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Dale, Ind. 
Moravia, N. Y. 

Covington, Tenn. 



378 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Mooney, A. H., 
Mull, D. H., 
Mullin, D. W., 
Murray, W. M., 
Noble, n., 
Noel, W. A., 
O'Brien, E., 
Olcott, T. W., 
Ottinger, W., 
Pace, N. C, 
Patterson, P. A., 
Page, J. E., 
Parmalce, J. A., 
Pennypacker, E. J., 
Perry, P. W., 
Pennfleld, J. A., 
Phelps, J. D., 
Pillsbury, S. H., 
Pierce, G. S., 
Pickerill, W. P., 
Place, F., 
Porter, J. F., 
Porter, E., 
Poole, S. V., 
Pollock, R., 
Poston, J. L., 
Randolph, J. F., 
Randolph, N. S., 
Keed, P. C, 
Keed, Thos., 
Reynolds, C, 
Richley, J. A., 
Riggs, C. H., 
Riggs, B. P., 
Rice, J. A., 
Robbins, A., 
Rossman, W. C, 
Rosenbaum, O. H., 



Regiment or Command. 
16th N. Y. Cavalry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
9th Md. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
29th Mo. Infantry, 
134th N. T. Infantry, 
8th Tenn. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 
3d Va. Cavalry. 
5th la. Infantry, 
7th Ind. Infantry, 
18th Pa. Cavalry, 
10th Wis. Infantry, 
5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
5 th Me. Infantry, 
19 th U. S. Infantry, 
5th la. Infantry. 
157th N. Y. Infantry. 
154th N. Y. Infantry. 
154th N. Y. Infantry, 
154th N. Y. Infantry, 
14th Pa. Infantry. 
13th Tenn. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry. 
2d Mo. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
1st Va. Infantry. 
Sth Tenn. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
18th Ky. Infantry. 
73d 111. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Plattsburg, N. Y. 

Bedford, Pa. 



Cape Girardeau, Mo. 
Cherry Valley, N. Y. 



Iowa City, Iowa. 
Valparaiso, Ind. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Menasha, Wis. 
Crown Point, N. Y. 

Biddeford, Me. 
Dubuque, Iowa. 



Olean, N. Y. 
Springfield, N. Y. 

Cageville, Tenn. 



Hamilton, O. 



Harrisburg, HI. 

Hamilton, O. 
Sandusky City, O. 



APPENDIX. 



379 



Xante. 
Rowan, C, 
Rowan, W., 
Rollins, M., 
Rose, J. C, 
Robinson, W. A., 
Robinson, T. B., 
Robb, W. J., 
Rodgers, A., 
Robins, W. H., 
Robb, W. J., 
Russell, M., 
Russell, J. A., 
Ryder, S. B., 
Samson, I. B., 
Sawyer, H. W., 
Schofield, R., 
Schell, Geo. L., 
Schemmerhorn, J. A., 
Schirtz, D., 
Schroade, J. C, 
Scott, P. S., 
Searce, W. W., 
Senter, A. P., 
Singer, J. P., 
Shaefer, Jas., 
Shepherd, E. A., 
Shoemaker, E. M., 
Smith, E. L., 
Smith, D. D., 
Smullin, F., 
Spencer, R. H., 
Spencer, S. A., 
Starkweather, W. L., 
Stover, J. C, 
Starr, Q. H., 
Stone, J. R., 
Stanton, A. H., 
Swayzie, W. A., 



Regiment or Command. 
9Gth III. Infantry. 
Indpt. Cavalry. 
2d Wis. Infantry. 
4th Mo. Cavalry. 
77th la. Infantry. 
lGth Conn. Infantry, 
1st Va. Infantry, 
4th Ky. Cavalry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
1st W. Va. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
93d 111. Infantry, 
5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
2d Mass. H. Artillery, 
1st N. J. Cavalry. 
1st. Vt. Cavalry, 
83th Pa. Infantry, 
112th Ind. Infantry. 
12th Pa. Cavalry. 
77th Pa. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
33d O. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
110th O. Infantry. 
100th O. Infant^, 
19th U. S. Infantry. 
1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
82d O. Infantry. 
85th N. T. Infantry, 
3d Tenn. Infantry. 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
157th N. Y. Infantry. 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 



Bristol, Conn. 
Wheeling, W. Va. 
Louisville, Ky. 

Wheeling, W. Va. 

Ncponset, 111. 
Arbane, N. Y. 
Springfield, Mass. 

Brattleboro', Vt. 
Philadelphia, Pa- 



Lancaster, Pa. 

Carlisle, Pa. 
Waterville, O. 

Oakland, Pa. 

Orlean, N. Y. 
Rochester, N. Y. 

Columbus, O. 



380 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Syring, Wm., 
Szabad, E., 
Talor, H. D., 
Teed, John, 
Templeton, O., 
Ten Eyck, T., 
Thornton, T., 
Thornton, T., 
Thompson, B, E., 
Tubbs, A., 
Turner, M. C, 
Underdo wn, J. D., 
Urquhard, S. A., 
Urwiler, G. C, 
Vanderhoef, J. W., 
Van Buren, G. M., 
Walleck, Wm., 
Warren, G. W., 
Wands, H. P., 
Wentworth, T. E., 
Wellsheimer, P., 
Wheeler, J. D., 
Whcelan, J. H., 
White, C. W., 
White, H. C, 
White, Geo. M., 
Whiteside, J. C, 
Whitney, M. G., 
Wilson, A., 
Wilson, A. C, 
Willetts, W., 
Williams, J. G., 
Williams, W. H. 
Wistlake, J. A., 
Widdis, C. C, 
Wicker, W. B., 
Wilkina, J. E., 
Wild, J. G., 
Wolcott, E. A., 



Eegimcnt or Command. 
45th N. T. Infantry. 
A. D. C. U. S. Vols., 
116th O. Infantry. 
110th. Pa. Infantry. 
107th Pa. Infantry. 
18th U. S. Infantry. 
5th U. S. Infantry. 
161st N.Y. Infantry. 
A. IXC." U.S. Vols. 
9th Ky. Cavalry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
A. C. S. U. S. Vols. 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 
6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
ISth Conn. Infantry. 
22d Mich. Cavalry, 
16th Me. Infantry. 
21st 111. Infantry, 
15th Conn. Infantry, 
A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
3d Va. Cavalry, 
94th N. Y. Infantry, 
1st Va. Infantry, 
94th N. Y. Infantry, 
29th Mo. Infantry. 
80th HI. Infantry. 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th Mich. Infantry, 
51st 111. Infantry. 
4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
150th Pa. Infantry, 
21st O. Infantry. 
112th 111. Infantry. 
9th N. Y Cavalry. 
16th 111. Infantry. 



Washington, D. C. 



Hartford, Conn. 



Washington, D. C. 



St. Clair, Mich. 

Neoga, 111. 

New Haven, Conn. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Lysander, N. Y. 
Wellsburg, W. Va. 
Wyoming, N. Y. 



Spencer, Mass. 
Birmingham, Mich. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Germantown, Pa. 



APPENDIX. 



381 



Name. 

Wright, W. E., 
Zeis, H., 



Regiment or Command. 
SOth 111. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 



Abernathy, H. C, 
Acker, G. D., 
Adams, Jas., 
Adams, H. W., 
Adair, W. A, 
Ahem, M. t 
Alilert, J. H., 
Alstaed, C. L., 
Alhro, S. A., 
Allee, A., 
Albin, H. S., 
Allen, R. J., 
Allender, W. F., 
Alger, A. B., 
Anderson, E. W., 
Anderson, H. M., 
Anderson, C. L., 
Andrews, E. E., 
Andrews, S. T., 
Audrus, W. E., 
Anshutz, H. F., 
Appel, H., 
Armstrong, T. S., 
Atkin, P., 
Austin, J. W., 
Barlow, J. W., 
Barnes, O. P., 
Bailey, G. W., 
Babb, Jno. D., 
Bath, H., 
Bath, W., 
Barclay, C. T., 
Bartram, D. S., 
Ballard, S. II., 



LIEUTENANTS. 

16th 111. Cavalry, 
123d O. Infantry, 
SOth 111. Infantry, 
3Tth 111. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
10th Va. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry, 
54th N. T. Infantry, 
80th 111. Infantry, 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
T9th 111. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
7th Tenn. Cavalry. 
22d O. Battery, 
122dO. Infantry, 
3d Me. Infantry. 
3d la. Infantry. 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
12th Va. Infantry, 
1st Md. Cavalry, 
122d O. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
5th la. Infantry, 
51st Md. Infantry, 
3d O. Infantry, 
3d O. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry, 
132d N. Y. Infantry. 
149th Pa. Infant^-. 
17th Conn. Infantry, 
6th Mich. Cavalry, 



Paris, Mo. 
Fostoria, O. 
Nashville, El. 
Frankfort, 111. 
North Salem, Ind. 

New York City. 
Newark, N. J. 
Upper Alton, El. 
Lincoln, El. 
Tuscola, 111. 



Mansfield, O. 
Columbus, O. 



Millford, Mich. 
Black Creek, N. Y. 
East Berlin, Conn. 
Moundsville, W. Va. 
Washington, D. C. 
Gratiot, O. 

Lansing, Iowa. 
London, Ind. 
Barnesville, O. 



New York City. 



Eedding, Conn. 
Battle Creek, Mich. 



382 



APPENDIX, 



Name. 
Bassett, M. M., 
Bassett, A. H., 
Ballow, O. G., 
Baird, J. P., 
Baird, Jno., 
Bannister, D. A.. 
Barse, G. R., 
Baker, S. S., 
Bader, H., 
Bath, W. L., 
Bascomb, E., 
Barroll, E., 
Bedwell, J. F., 
Bevington, H. S., 
Berry, W. H., 
Beadle, M., 
Bennett, F. T., 
Beegle, D. F., 
Bierbower, W., 
Bisby, L. C, 
Bisby, J. D., 
Biggs, Jas., 
Bickbam, T., 
Bisckoff.R, 
Birun, E. G., 
Blair, R. F., 
Blair, G. E., 
Blancherd, W., 
Blakeslee, B. F., 
Bleak, G. C, 
Blue, J. G., 
Booher, A. H., 
Boyd, F. W., 
Borchess, T. J., 
Boone, S. G., 
Boughton, S. T., 
Bovvers, G. A., 
Brownell, T. I., 
Brown, J. L., 



Regiment or Command. 
53d 111. Infantry. 
70th 111. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
1st Va. Infantry, 
89th O. Infantry. 
59th O. Infantry. 
5th Mich. Cavalry. 
6th Mo. Infantry. 
29th Mo. Infantry, 
132d N. Y. Infantry. 
50th N. Y. Infantry, 
11th Tenn. Infantry. 
80th O. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
5th 111. Cavalry. 
123d N. Y. Infantry, 
18th U. S. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
S7th Pa. Infantry, 
16th Me. Infantry, 
16th Me. Infantry, 
123d 111. Infantry. 
19th TJ. S. Infantry. 
6th U. S. Artillery, 
3d Mass. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry, 
17th O. Infantry. 
2d U. S. Cavalry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
3d Mo. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
SSth Pa. Infantry, 
71st Pa. Infantry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 



Eesiden.ce. 

» 

Wheeling, W. Va. 

Cape Girardeau, Mo. 
Rome, N. Y. 

South Easton, N. Y. 

Eainsburg, Pa. 
York, Pa. 
Canton Mills, Me. 
Canton Mills, Me. 

St. Louis, Mo. 
Norwalk, O. 

New Britain, Conn. 

Gardington, O. 
Westville, 111. 

Dyberry, Pa. 
Reading, Pa. 

Hartford, Conn. 



APPENDIX. 



383 



Kame. 
Breckenridge, F. A., 
Brueting, J. G. W., 
Bradford, E. Y., 
Bradford, Jno., 
Bricker, W. H., 
Brush, J. T., 
Brown, J. P., 
Brown, J. L., 
Brown, "W. L., 
Brown, W. H., 
Brown, G. L., 
Bryant, M. C, 
Brandt, O. B., 
Brandt, C. L., 
Brooke, E. P., 
Bryan, Gny, 
Bryan, J. H., 
Bradley, A. B., 
Bruns, H., 
Bryson, E. E., 
Burns, Jas., 
Burns, S. D., 
Button, G. W., 
Burdick, C. A., 
Butler, W. O., 
Butler, C. P., 
Buff urn, G. W., 
Bush, Geo. M., 
Butts, L. A., 
Byers, S. H., 
Byron, S., 
Caswell, H., 
Cameron, P., 
Caldwell, C, 
Caldwell, D. B., 
Callahan, A. M., 
Carothers, J., 
Calver, T. B., 
Carpenter, S. D., 



Regiment or Command. 
123d O. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry, * 

2d W. Tenn. Inf antry. 
A. C. S. U. S. vols., 
3d Pa. Cavalry, 
100th O. Infantry. 
15th U. S. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
17th Tenu. Infantry. 
93d O. Infantry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
42d 111. Infantry, 
17th O. Infantry, 
1st N. Y. Veterans, 
6th Wis. Infantry. 
ISth Pa. Cavalry, 
lS4th Pa. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
ICth Conn. Infantry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
57th Pa. Infantry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
29th Ind. Infantry, 
1st Wis. Infantry. 



85th N. Y. Veterans, 
5th la. Infantry, 
2d TJ. S. Infantry. 
95th 111. Infantry. 
16th N. Y. Cavalry. 
1st Wis. Cavalry, 
75th O. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
7Sth O. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Monroeville, O. 
Baltimore, Md. 

Hoboken, N. J. 
Newville, Pa. 

Dayton, O. 



Dayton, O. 
Milton, Pa. 
Kankakee, 111. 
Lancaster, O. 
Belmont, N. Y. 

Vincenttown, N. J. 
Harrisburg, Pa. 
Friendship, N. Y. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Butler, Pa. 
Clark's Post, Pa. 
Circleville, Pa. 
Farmington, Mich. 



Peru, 111. 



Cuba, N. Y. 
Newton, Iowa. 



Lind, Wis. 



SpringGeld, O. 



384 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Carpenter, E. D., 
Carpenter, J. Q., 
Carman, J. A., 
Carey, S. E., 
Cary, G. W., 
Cain, J. H., 
Carlisle, J. B., 
Calkins, W. W., 
Causton, M. C, 
Carter, J. F., 
Catlett, C. W., 
Carlin, C. J., 
Casdorpli, C. II., 
Celley, G., 
Chandler, J. II., 
Chandler, G. W., 
Chandler, G. A., 
Chase, A. G., 
Chamberlain, II. B., 
Childs, J. U., 
Chatburn J., 
Clark, H. L., 
Cloadt, A., 
Clement, J., 
Cleghorn, Geo., 
Clifford, W., 
Cooper, A., 
Cooper, A, S., 
Col well, J. C, 
Conn, Jno. H., 
Connelly, R. J., 
Conelly, D. J., 
Colloday, S. R., 
Cook, J. D., 
Cook, J. H., 
Cook, W. B., 
Cowles, H. F., 
Coffin, J. A., 
Coffin, G. A., 



Regiment or Command. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
150th Pa. Infantry, 
107th Pa. Infantry. 
13th Mass. Infantry, 
65th Ind. Infantry. 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d Va. Infantry, 
104th 111. Infantry, 
19th U. S. Infantry. 
9th Md. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
151st N. Y. Infantry. 
8th Va. Cavalry, 
4th O. Cavalry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
1st Va. Cavalry, 
15th Mo. Infantry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
97th N. Y. Infantry. 
16th Me. Infantry. 
150th Pa. Infantry, 
9th Mass. Artillery, 
119th K. Y. Infantry, 
15th Ky. Cavalry, 
21st O. Infantry. 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
12th N. Y. Cavalry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
1st Va. Cavalry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
63d N. Y. Infantry, 
6th Pa. Cavalry. 
6th la. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
140th Pa. Infantry, 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
157th N. Y. Infantry, 
29th Ind. Infantry. 



Residence. 

Gerrnantown, Pa. 

Boston. Mass. 

Albany, N. Y. 
Ironton, Iowa. 
Ottawa, 111. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Kanawha, W. Vir. 

Birmingham, O. 

Simsbury, Conn. 

Farmington, Me. 
Gerrnantown, Pa. 
Springfield, Mass. 
Washington, D. C. 
Newalton, Ind. 

Oswego, N. Y. 
Chicago, 111. 

New York City. 
St Louis, Mo. 
Candor, Pa. 
Oswego, N. Y. 



APPENDIX. 



385 



Name. 
Coles, B., 
Cole, 0. L., 
Coleman, G. B., 
Coleman, T. S., 
Cox, J. L., 
Cochran, T. G., 
Cohen, M., 
Cottingham, E., 
Christopher, W., 
Crossley, T. J., 
Croker, Hyde, 
Crawford, H. B., 
Crawford, W. H., 
Cubbinson, J. C, 
Cubbetson, W. M., 
Curry, W. A., 
Ousted, J. W., 
Cumis, L. B., 
Curtice, H. A., 
Curtis, Rudolph, 
Cuuiffe, H., 
Davis, V. E., 
Davis, C. G, 
Davis, B., 
Davis, E. J., 
Davis, J. W., 
Davidson, John, 
Day, J. R., 
Day, J. W., 
Day, A. P., 
Daily, Jno., 
Daily, W. A, 
Darniii, S. G., 
Dewies, S. B., 
Devine, J. S., 
Deering, Geo. A., 
Dean, Thos. J., 
Dilan, J. A., 
Drenner, M., 

16 



Regiment or Command. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
51st 111. Infantry, 
1st Mass. Cavalry. 
12th Ky. Cavalry. 
21st 111. Infantry. 
77th Pa. Infantry, 
4th Ky. Cavalry, 
35th O. Infantry. 
2d Va. Cavalry. 
157th Pa. Infantry, 
1st N. J. Cavalry, 
2d 111. Cavalry. 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
30th Ind. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry. 
23d Ind. Infantry. 
17th Mass. Infantry. 
157th N. T. Infantry, 
4th Ky. Cavalry, 
13th 111. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
1st Mass. Cavalry, 
71st Pa. Infantry. 
44th 111. Infantry, 
115th N. Y. Infantry. 
Cth N. Y. Artillery, 
3d Me. Infantry, 
17th Mass. Infantry, 
15th Conn. Infantry, 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
8th Pa. Cavalry, 
16th TJ. S. Infantry. 
2d TJ. S. Infantry. 
71st Pa. Infantry, 
16th Me. Infantry. 
5th Mich. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
10th Mo. Infantry. 



Residence. 
New York City. 
Elgin, m. 



Chambersburg, Pa. 
Louisville, Ky. 



Titusville, Pa. 
Port Jervis, N. J. 



Irish Ripple, Pa. 



Courtlandt, N. Y. 
Louisville, Ky. 



Worcester, Mass. 

Rocktown, El. 

Haverstraw, N. Y. 
Water ville, Me. 
Averill, Mass. 
New Haven, Conn. 
Troy, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Philadelphia, Pa. 
Wayne, Mich. 



386 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Dixon, A., 
Dillard, C. D., 
Dickey, M. V., 
Dickerson, A. A., 
Doughty, J. G., 
Dooley, T. A., 
Dough ton, O. G., 
Donyley, F., 
Drake, C. H., 
Drake, J. W., 
Drake, L., 
Driffenbach, A. C. 
Duchemey, L. N., 
Dukel, A. W., 
Dushane, J. M., 
Dunn, H. C, 
Dutton, G. W., 
Dugan, Jno., 
Duncan, E. EL, 
Earle, C. W., 
Edwards, T. D., 
Edwards, D. 0., 
Edmunds, C. L., 
Edmiston, S., 
Egan, J., 

Ellen wood, W. H., 
Errickson, G. H., 
Fales, J. M., 
Fail-child, H., 
Fay, S. A., 
Fellows, M., 
Feiuier, Vv r ., 
Fish, Geo. W., 
Fish, O. M., 
Fisher, J. C, 
Fisher, R. J., 
Flick, W., 
Flemming, J. A., 
Fluke, A. L., 



Regiment or Command. 
104th N. T. Infantry, 
7th la. Infantry. 
94th O. Infantry, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
100th O. Infantry, 
27th E. I. Infantry. 
142d Pa. Infantry, 
136th N. Y. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
73d Pa. Infantry, 
1st Mass. Cavalry. 
114th Pa. Infantry. 
142d Pa. Infantry, 
10th Ky. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
35th Ind. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
96th HI. Infantry. 
TJ. S. Navy. 
2d Md. Infantry, 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
89th O. Infantry. 
69th Pa. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
57th N. Y. Infantry, 
1st K. I. Cavalry, 
S9th O. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
149th Pa. Infantry. 
2d R. I. Cavalry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
2d Mass. Artillery, 
7th Ind. Battery. 
17th Mo. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
90th N. Y. Infantry. 
103d Pa. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Le Roy, N. Y. 

Franklin, O. 
Hartford, Conn. 

Winchester, Ind. 
Stryker, O. 

Stroudsburg, Pa. 
Dansville, N. Y. 
Pontiac, Mich. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Connellsville, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Richmond, Ind. 



Baltimore, Md. 



Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Providence, R. I. 
Plattville, Wis. 
Olean, N. Y. 



Hamilton, O. 
Boston, Mass. 



Kittaning, Pa, 



APPENDIX. 



387 



Name. 
Fortescue, L. P., 
Forsyth, t G. D., 
Fowler, G. H., 
Foster, E. F., 
Follette, W. H., 
Fontaine, J., 
Fox, D. D. ( 
Fox, J. D., 
Fobes, E. H., 
Foot, M. C, 
Francis, J. A., 
Freeman, T. C, 
Fritze, Chas., 
Fritz, J., 
Fritchie, A. W., 
Frost, C. W., 
Fry, A., 
Gamble, S. P., 
Gamble, H., 
Gamble, Geo. H., 
Garces, Jno. A., 
Gray, F. C, 
Garrett, E. L., 
Garbet, D., 
Galloway, W. G. 
Gagerly, J. H., 
Gates, E. C, 
Gater, A. L., 
Geasland, S. A., 
Gebhardt, H., 
Gilmore, J. A., 
Gilleland, F. M., 
Glazier, W. W., 
Goodrich, J. O., 
Goodwin, A., 
Gorgns, E. G., 
Goff, J. M., 



Regiment or Command. 
29th Pa. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
30th Ind. Infantry. 
Mass. Artillery, 
73d Pa. Infantry, 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
131st N. Y. Infantry. 
92d N. T. Infantry, 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
18th U. S. Infantry. 
24th 111. Infantry, 
11th Tenn. Infantry. 
26th Mo. Infantry, 
85th N. T. Veterans, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
63d Pa. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
8th El. Cavalry. 
1st Md. Cavalry. 
11th Pa. Infantry, 
4th Mo. Cavalry. 
77th Pa.. Infantry, 
15th U. S. Infantry. 
19th U. S. Infantry. 
18th U. S. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry, 
11th Tenn. Cavalry, 
24th 111. Infantry. 
79th N. T. Infantry. 
15th Ky. Infantry. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
82d O. Infantry. 
90th Pa. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 



t Captain Forsyth was shot dead by a sentinel at Libby Pi 
standing near one of the prison windows. 



Quincy, Mass. 
Washington, D. C. 
Aurora, HI. 
Aurora, 111. 

Cooperstown, N. Y. 



Chicago, 111. 

St. Louis, Mo. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Crown Point, Ind. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 



Donegal, Pa. 
Hyde Park, Pa. 



Heustiford, Wis. 
Kingston, Tenn. 



Fowler, N. Y. 
Scottsville, N. Y. 



ison in the spring of 1SW, while- 



388 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Gore, J. B., 
Gordon, E., 
Good, Geo., 
Grant, G. W., 
Gray, R. H., 
Gray, M., 
Green, M. E., 
Green, J. A., 
Green, C. W., 
Greble, C. E., 
Grierson,t O., 
Griffin, W. G., 
Gross, T., 
Grude, A., 
Gutland, C. P., 
Harmer, R. J., 
Harvey, W. H., 
Hand, G. D., 
Hams, D. H., 
Haideman, Jno., 
Hawkins, W., 
Hawkins, S. W., 
Hakes, D. W., 
Hall, C. B., 
Hall, J., 
Hall, C. T., 
Hallenburg, J. G., 
Hagenbach, J. C, 
Hauf, A, 
Halpin, G., 
Harkness, E. H., 
Hatfield, J. D., 
Hayes, A. W., 
Hammond, J. P., 
Hatcher, W. S., 
Hanon, J., 
Harrison, C. E., 



Regiment or Command. 
15th 111. Infantry. 
81st Ind. Infantry. 
84th Pa. Infantry. 
88th Pa. Infantry, 
15th U. S. Infantry, 
13th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Md. Cavalry. 
13th Pa. Cavalry. 
44th Ind. Infantry. 
8th Mich. Cavalry, 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 
112th 111. Infantry, 
21st 111. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
134th N. Y. Infantry. 
80th ILL Infantry. 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
3d 0. Infantry. 
129th 111. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
1st Va. Cavalry. 
87th Pa. Infantry. 
13th Mich. Infantry, 
1st O. Infantry, 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
5th N. Y. Infantry. 
116th Pa. Infantry, 
6th Pa. Cavalry. 
53d 111. Infantry. 
34th O. Infantry. 

30th O. Infantry. 
115th HL Infantry. 
89th O. Infantry, 



Residence. 



Reading, Pa. 
Cleveland, O. 
Naugatuck, Conn. 



Battle Creek, Mich. 

Cambridge, 111. 
Belment, 111. 
Rnsselville, Ind. 



Shelbyville, Ind. 



Huntingdon, Tenn. 



Battle Creek, Mich. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 



T Shot and mortally wounded by ft sentinel on the Btockade 
Account of murder in the chapter on Macon. 



Higginsport, O. 

at Macon, Oa., June 11th, 1304. Sea 



APPENDIX. 



389 



Name. 
Harris, Geo., 
Harris, S., 
Hamilton, W. B., 
Hamilton, W., 
Hale, G. W., 
Harbour, E., 
Harrington, B. F., 
Hays, Jno. W., 
Hart, C. M., 
Hastings, T. J., 
Hastings, G. L., 
Hampton, C. G., 
Hagen, P. A., 
Heffner, W., 
Hersh, J., 
Heffley, C. P., 
Henry, J. M., 
Henry, C. D., 
Helms, M. B., 
Helm, J. B., 
Henkley, L. D., 
Heslit, Jas., 
Happard, T. H., 
Herrick, L. C, 
Higginson, T. J., 
Higgins, J. D., 
Hinds, H. H., 
Hine, Jno. J., 
Higly, E. H., 
Hicks, D. W., 
Hill, J. B., 
Holmes, J. B., 
Hood, Jno., 
Horton, S. H., 
Hodge, W. E., 
Hodge, W. P., 
Horney, P., 
Holden, Eli, 
Howe, B., 



Regiment or Command. 
79th Ind. Infantry. 
5th Mich. Cavalry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
2d Mass. Artillery, 
101st O. Infantry, 
2d E. Term. Infantry. 
18th Pa. Cavalry, 
5th la. Infantry. 
45th Pa. Infantry. 
15th Mass. Infantry, 
24th N. Y. Battery, 
15th N. Y. Cavalry, 
7th Md. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
87th Pa. Infantry. 
142d Pa. Infantry, 
154th N. Y. Infantry, 
4th O. Cavalry, 
lstVa. Cavalry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
10th Wis. Infantry, 
3d Pa. Cavalry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
1st N. Y. Cavalry, 



18th Conn. Infantry. 
57th Pa. Infantry, 
100th O. Infantry. 
1st Vt. Cavalry, 
9th O. Cavalry. 
17th Mass. Infantry, 
6th O. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
110th O. Infantry. 
1st Vt. Cavalry, 
21st m. Infantry. 



Romeo, Mich. 

West Amesbury, Mass. 

Upper Sandusky, O. 

Wayneshurg, Pa. 



Worcester, Mass. 
Oswego, N. Y. 
Brockport, N. Y. 

Pottsville. Pa. 

Berlin, Pa. 
Olean, N. Y. 
Tiffin City, O. 
Rosby's Rock, W. Va. 
Shellsburg, Pa. 
Wanfrau, Wis. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 



Montrose, Pa. 
Castleton, Vt. 
Averill, Mass. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Barre, Vt. 



390 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Houlchen, P. W., 
Holbruck, S. S., 
Horway, H., 
Hoffman, Jno., 
Houston, G. C, 
Hollo way, J. M., 
Hoppin, H. P., 
Holman, W. C, 
Hubbell, F. A., 
Huggins, Thos., 
Hubbard, H., 
Hubbard, H. E., 
Hudson, W. M., 
Hutchinson, J. R, 
Huey, K., 
Hunter, A. W., 
Huntley, C. C, 
Irwin, C. L., 
Irwin, W. H., 
James, H. H., 
Jackson, R. W., 
Jackson, T. W., 
Jenkins, J. H., 
Johnson, G., 
Jones, J. P., 
Jones, C. W., 
Jones, P. O., 
Jones, J. A., 
Jones, H., 
Jones, R. B., 
Jordon, H. P., 
Kane, Jas., 
Kautz, J. D., 
Kepp, Eug., 
Kephart, J. S., 
Kerin, Jas., 
Keruger, Wm., 
Keyes, G., 
Kendler, H., 



Regiment or Command. 
■ 16th U. S. Infantry. 
15th U. S. Infantry. 
78th 111. Infantry. 
5th la. Infantry. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
6th Ind. Infantry. 
2d Mass. Artillery, 
9th Vt. Infantry, 
— Pa. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Cavalry. 
12th N. Y. Infantry. 
119th HI. Infantry. 
92d O. Infantry. 
2dVa. Cavalry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
2d U. S. Artillery, 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
7Sth 111. Infantry. 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
6th Ind. Cavalry, 
21st Wis. Infantry, 
10th N. Y. Cavalry, 
21st Wis. Infantry, 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
55th O. Infantry, 
16th Pa. Cavalry, 
2d N. Y Cavalry, 
21st HI. Infantry, 
5th U. S. Cavalry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
9th Me. Infantry. 
13th Pa. Cavalry. 
1st Ky. Cavalry, 
82d 111. Infantry. 
5th Md. Cavalry, 
6th U. S. Cavalry, 
2d Mo. Infantry, 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 



Concord, N. H. 

Cambridge, Mass. 
West Braintree, Vt. 
Honesdale, Pa. 



Pittsburgh, Pa. 

New Hudson, Mich. 
Huntly, 111. 

Allegheny City, Pa. 
Montezuma, Ind. 
Oskosh, Wis. 
Wolcott, N. Y. 
Oskosh, Wis. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Norwalk, O. 
Duncannon, Pa. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Olney, 111. 
Washington, D. C. 



Dent, O. 

Franklin, Ind. 
Washington, D. C. 
St. Louis, Mo. 



APPENDIX. 



391 



Name. 
Kennedy, J. W., 
Kellog, J. C, 
Kelly, D. O., 
Kelly, H. B., 
Kenniston, J., 
Keith, C. E., 
Kendall, Theo., 
Keister, W. H. H., 
King, John, 
King, M. D., 
King, J. B., 
King, T., 
Kibbe, J. N., 
Kimball, T. D., 
Kittrel, D. F., 
Kirby, W. M., 
Kirk, J. B., 
Kirkpatrick, G. W., 
Knight, H. V., 
Knaggs, K. C, 
Knowles, R. A., 
Knowles, E. M., 
Knapp, F. H., 
Knoble, E. E., 
Koach, S., 
Kresgc, A., 
Krocks, T. A., 
Kupp, M., 
Kuhn, A. J., 
Kunkel, J., 
Lap ton, L., 
Laws, V^. L., 
Lamson, A. T., 
Lenning, T., 
Leyton, F. A., 
Leith, Sam., 
Ley decker, J., 
Leslie, J. L., 
Leonard, A., 



Regiment or Command. 
134th N. Y. Infantry. 
6th Mich. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry, 
6th Ky. Cavalry. 
100th 111. Infantry, 
19th 111. Infantry, 
15th U. S. Infantry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
5th 111. Cavalry, 
3d O. Infantry, 
10th N. Y. Cavalry. 
101st Pa, Infantry, 
ISth Conn. Infantry. 
8Sth Ind. Infantry. 
3d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
3d N. Y. Artillery, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
15th la. Infantry, 
20th Mich. Infantry, 
A. D. C, U. S. Vols., 
116th O. Infantry. 
42dlnd. Infantry. 
9th O. Cavalry. 
21st Ky. Infantry. 
100th 111. Infantry. 
67th Pa, Infantry. 
7th Pa. Infantry. 
167th Pa. Infantry. 
5th Mel. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 
116th O. Infantry. 
13th Pa. Infantry. 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
6th Pa. Cavalry, 
18th Ind. Infantry. 
132d ST. Y. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 
13th Pa, Cavalry, 
Tlst N. Y. Infantry. 



Kelly's Island, O. 

Joliet, 111. 
Chicago, 111. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Hillsville, Pa. 
Geneva, 111. 
Barnesville, O. 

Bradford, Pa. 



Hillsville, Pa. 

Smyrna, Iowa. 
Battle Creek, Mich. 
Ann Arbor, Mich. 



Philadelphia, Pa, 



Genesee, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Titusville, Pa. 



392 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Lindsay, A. H., 
Lindemyer, L., 
Livingston, C. H., 
Lintz, M. J., 
Lloyd, T. S. C, 
Loomis, A. W., 
Locke, W. H., 
Locke, D. R., 
Locklin, A. W., 
Lombard, H. G., 
Lodge, G. R., 
Longnecker, J. H., 
Ludlow, J., 
Lyon, W. S., 
Madera, W. B., 
Markbrut, L., 
Marshall, W. S., 
Manning, J. S., 
Mann, B. N., 
Maver, Thos., 
Malion, M., 
Mahony, J. S., 
Mackey, J. T., 
Mathews, A. S., 
Mason, J. H., 
Maw, G., 
Maxwell, C. A., 
McAdams, Jno., 
McBsth, J., 
McCall, O., 
McCafferty, N. J., 
McClure, T. W-, 
McConnelce, W. J., 
McColgen, J., 
McCumas, Jno., 
McCully, D., 
McDill, W. H., 
McDonald, J., 
McDade, A, 



Regiment or Command. 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
45th N. Y. Infantry, 
1st Va. Cavalry, 
8th Tenn. Infantry. 
6th Ind. Cavalry, 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
8th Ky. Cavalry. 
94th N. Y. Infantry, 
4th Mich. Infantry, 
53d 111. Infantry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
5th U. S. Artillery. 
23d O. Infantry, 
6th W. Va. Infantry, 
A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
17th Mass. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
15th U. S. Infantry, 
16th U. S. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
21st O. Infantry. 
80th O. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
10th Va. Infantry. 
45th O. Infantry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
4th U. S. Artillery, 
6th U. S. Artillery, 
4th la. Infantry, 
Tth O. Cavalry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
75th O. Infantry. 
80th 111. Infantry. 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
154th N. Y. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Greenville, Conn. 
New York City. 
Uniontown, Pa. 

Terre Haute, Ind. 
Tolland, Conn. 
Willimantic, Conn. 

Great Bend, N. Y. 
Chicago, 111. 
Ottawa, 111. 
Woodbury, Pa. 

Leeville, O. 
Morganstown, Va. 



Prairie Depot, O. 
Dallas City, 111. 
Pontiac, Mich. 



Springfield, O. 

Zanesville, O. 
Rimersburg, Pa. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wabash, Ind. 
Wintersett, Iowa. 
Georgetown, O. 



Westfleld, N. Y. 



APPENDIX. 



393 



Name. 
McElroy, Wm., 
McGinnis, T. F., 
McGowan, J., 
McGovern, J., 
McHenry, C, 
McKinstry, J., 
McKinley, J., 
McKeag, F., 
McKee, T. H., 
McKee, N. S., 
McKay, D. F., 
McKay, K. G., 
McKinson, A. H., 
McLane, A. U., 
McNeal, S., 
McNiece, A., 
Merritt, H. A. D., 
Merry, W. H., 
Mettee, J. S., 
MeU, J. R., 
Messick, J. W., 
Mead, L. C, 
Mead, W. H., 
Mendenhall, J. A., 
Meyer, H. F., 
Merwin, S. F. C., 
Miller, C, 
MiUer, W. G., 
MUward, T., 
Missehl, O., 
Millis, Jno., 
Mitchell, J. A., 
Mitchell, J., 
Moore, W. R., 
Moore, M. M., 
Moore, D. T., 
Moore, F., 
Mooney, J., 
Moon, R. A. 

16* 



Regiment or Command. 
3d I1L Infantry. 
ISth Conn. Infantry. 
29th Ind. Infantry. 
T3d Pa. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
16th HI. Cavalry, 
2Sth O. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
21st El. Infantry. 
21st 111. Infantry. 
18th Pa. Infantry, 
1st Mich. Infantry, 
10th Wis. Infantry, 
2d O. Infantry. 
51st O. Infantry, 
73d Pa. Infantry. 
5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
106th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
82d 111. Infantry, 
42d Ind. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry. 
6th Ky. Cavalry. 
75th O. Infantry, 
9th Ind. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry, 
14th I1L Cavalry, 
16th Conn. Infantry. 
31st O. Infantry. 
68th N. Y. Infantry. 
66th Ind. Infantry, 
82d 0. Infantry. 
79th 111. Infantry. 
2d Md. Cavalry, 
6th Mich. Cavalry. 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry, 
73d Pa. Infantry. 
107th Pa. Infantry, 
6th Mich. Cavalry, 



Residence. 



East Bloomfield, N. Y. 
Matoon, EL 

Norwich, Conn. 



Meadeville, Pa. 
Beloit, Mich. 
Pine Hill, Wis. 

Spring Mountain, O. 

Hoboken, N. J. 
Ogdensburg, N. Y. 

Deerfield, O. 
Evansville, Ind. 



Ringgold, O. 

Norwich, Conn. 
Chicago, 111. 



Paoli, Ind., 

Wilmington, Del. 

Clinton, Tenn. 

Dushane, Pa. 
Big Rapids, Mich. 



394 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Morris, J. M., 
Morris, W. J., 
Morris, A., 
Morrison, M. V. B., 
Morisey, G. H., 
Morse, C. W., 
Morse, A., 
Morse, G. W., 
Morgan, J. T., 
Morgan, C. H., 
Morey, H., 
Moran, F., 
Montgomery, R. H., 
Mosby, Thos., 
Mosely, H. H., 
Mosher, H. E., 
Morningstar, H., 
Munday, J. D., 
Murdock, J. H., 
Murdock, H. S., 
Murray, C, 
Murray, A. M., 
Murphy, F., 
Myers, Thos., 
Mylieus, V., 
Nelson, Wm., 
Newbrandt, J. F., 
Neimeger, B. H., 
Norris, A. N., 
Norris, O. R., 
Nowlan, W. J., 
Norcross, J. C, 
Nyce, Wm., 
Oats, J. G., 
O'Connor, Jas., 
O'Connor, W., 
Ong, O. C, 
Parcey, E. W., 
Parker, E. B., 



Regiment or Command. 
101st Pa. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry, 
4th Ky. Cavalry. 
32d O. Infantry, 
12th la. Infantry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
78th 111. Infantry, 
9th Md. Infantry, 
17th Mich. Infantry, 
21st Wis. Infantry. 
10th N. Y. Cavalry. 
73d N. Y. Infantry, 
5th U. S. Cavalry. 
12th Pa. Cavalry. 
25th O. Infantry, 
12th N. Y. Cavalry. 
87th Pa. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
3d 0. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
15th Mo. Cavalry, 
U. S. Artillery. 
97th N. Y. Infantry, 
107th Pa. Infantry, 
68th N. Y. Infantry. 
13th U. S. Infantry. 
4th Mo. Cavalry, 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
107th Pa. Infantry. 
11th O. Infantry. 
14th N. Y. Infantry. 
2d Mass. Cavalry, 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
3d O. Infantry, 
59th O. Infantry. 
13th Pa. Cavalry, 
2d "Va. Cavalry, 
80th ILL Infantry. 
1st Vt. Artillery, 



Residence. 

Baltimore, Md. 

Chilicothe, O. 

New Hartford, Conn. 
Macomb, 111. 
Lovington, Tenn. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 

New York City. 

Summerfield, O. 

Hanover, Pa. 
La Porte, Ind. 

Logansport, Ind. 
St. Louis, Mo. 

Salisbury Centre, N. Y. 
Chambersburg, Pa. 

Cincinnati, O. 



Farmington, Me. 
Hainesville, N. J. 
Greenwich, O. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Meigsville, O. 

Providence, R. I. 



APPENDIX. 



395 



Name. 

Parker, E. C, 

Paulding, T., 

Paul, J. S.. 

Palmer, E. L., 

Patterson, J. B., 

Paxton, M. N., 

Patelin, A. E., 

Peake, L. S., 

Pel ton, E. A., 

Peterson, C. G. A., 

Pettijohn, D. B., 

Pentzel, G., 

Perley, Jas. P., 

Perlin, H., 

Pettrie, L. B., 

Petts, G. W., 

Phares, W., 

Phillips, F., 

Phelps, L. D., 

Pierson, E. C, 

Piper, S. B., 
Pierce, Wm. B., 
Piatt, Henry S., 
Potter, G. A, 
Potter, H. C, 
Potter, E. D., 
Potts, G. H., 
Potts, C. P., 
Poole, J. F., 
Powers, J. L., 
Powell, C, 
Pond, R. H., 
Prather, Z. R., 
Prutzman, C. M., 
Pumphrey, J. B., 
Pnrnell, W. G., 
Pulliarn, M. B. , 
Randall, Win., 
Randolph, W. F., 



Regiment or Command. 
94th N. Y. Infantry. 
6th U. S. Artillery. 
122d O. Infantry. 
57th N. Y. Infantry, 
21st O. Cavalry. 
140th Pa. Infantry, 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
2d Md. Cavalry, 
1st R. I. Cavalry, 
2d U. S. Infantry, 
11th N. Y. Infantry. 
13th Mich. Infantry, 
2d O. Infantry. 
126th O. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
46th W. Va. Infantry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry, 
8th Pa. Cavalry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
3d O. Infantry, 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
11th Mich. Infantry. 
2d Ky. Infantry, 
18th Pa. Cavalry, 
6th Mich. Infantry, 
75th O. Infantry. 
151st Pa. Infantry, 
1st Va. Cavalry, 
107th N. Y. Infantry, 
42d O. Infantry. 
12th TJ. S. Infantry. 
116th 111. Infantry. 
7th Wis. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry, 
6th Md. Infantry. 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
80th Infantry. 
5th U. S. Artillery. 



Residence. 



Montville, Conn. 

Cannonsburg, Pa. 

Hindsdale, N. Y. 
Cumberland, Md. 
Providence, R. I. 
Fort Snelling, Minn. 

New York City. 



Short Tract, N. Y. 
Seneca, W. Va. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Colchester, Conn. 
Waterloo, N. Y. 
Barnesville, O. 



Cincinnati, O. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Jeddo, Me. 

PottsvUle, Pa. 
Martinsburg, W. Va. 
Hamilton, N. Y. 



Plainfleld, Wis. 
Marseilles, O. 



396 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Ray, T. J., 
Rader, J. M., 
Reynolds, Win., 
Reynolds, E., 
Reynolds, S. H., 
Reed, E., 
Remie, J., 
Rennie, D. P., 
Retillery, W. L., 
Reid, J. A., 
Richardson, J. A., 
Richardson, H., 
Ritchie, Jno., 
Ring, Geo., 
Risedon, I., 
Roney, J. C, 
Road, Thos. G., 
Roach, A. C, 
Rothrock, J. M., 
Rockwell, J. P., 
Rockwell, J. O., 
Rockwell, W. E., 
Robinson, J. F., 
Robinson, G. F., 
Robinson, J. L., 
Robbins, N. A., 
Robertson, G. W., 
Roberts, G., 
Ross, G., 
Roger, J. R., 
Ruff, J., 
Russell, J. H., 
Rulon, H. E., 
Ruffs, E. W., 
Ryan, John, 
Samson, J. B., 
Scudder, A. A., 
Scoville, H. C, 
Scuttermore, G., 



Regiment or Command. 
49th O. Infantry. 
8th Tenn. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
42d O. Infantry. 
3d 0. Infantry. 
11th Mass. Infantry. 
93d O. Infantry. 
51st O. Infantry, 
2d N. C. Infantry, 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
19th Ind. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry. 
100th O. Infantry. 
11th Tenn. Cavalry, 
3d O. Infantry, 
1st Md. Cavalry. 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
97th N. T. Infantry, 
13th N. T. Infantry, 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
80th O. Infantry. 
7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
4th Me. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
7th N. H. Infantry, 
7th Vt Infantry, 
157th Pa. Infantry, 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
12th Mass. Infantry, 
114th Pa. Infantry. 
1st E. Tenn. Infantry. 
69th Pa. Infantry. 
,12th Mass. Infantry, 
35th Pa. Infantry. 
92d 111. Infantry, 
80th 111. Infantry. 



Residence. 



Roscoe, O. 
Whitestown, Pa. 
Stoneham, Mass. 



Huntsville, Tenn. 
Newark, O. 

Indianapolis, Ind. 



Booneville, N. Y. 
Esperance, N. Y. 
Scott, Pa. 

Huntingdon, Pa. 
Union, Me. 

Mount Cheneus, Mich. 
Dover, N. H. 
Vergennes, Vt. 
Lancaster, Pa. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Boston, Mass. 



W. Bridgewater, Mass. 
Rockford, HI. 



APPENDIX. 



397 



Name. 
Schuyler, J. F., 
Schroeder, E. L., 
Schoeder, H., 
Scranton, A. G., 
Schuele, Geo., 
Schrouders, E., 
Schweinfurth, F., 
Scott, K. F., 
Scott, E. S., 
Segaros, Th., 
Seeley, H. B., 
Sears, D. C., 
Sharp, G. A., 
Sharp, E. E., 
Shepherd, D. J., 
Shepard, E., 
Shaeffer, A. C, 
Shaw, J. C, 
Sinclair, R. B., 
Silver, H., 
SimpBon, G. W., 
Simpson, J. D., 
Sibley, H. L., 
Smith, L. S., 
Smith, M. H., 
Smith, J., 
Smith, C. B., 
Smith, H. C, 
Small, M. R., 
Smythe, W. H., 
Socks, John, 
Sowro, C. H., 
Sollers, G. L., 
Songer, A. W., 
Spence, D. M., 
Spencer, F., 
Spaulding, E. J., 
Spalding, E. G., 
Spafford,* A. C, 



Regiment or Command. 
123d O. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry, 
82d 111. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
45th N. Y. Infantry. 
74th Pa. Infantry. 
24th 111. Infantry, 
11th Ky. Cavalry, 
89th O. Infantry. 
80th El. Infantry, 
86th N. Y. Infantry, 
96th N. Y. Infantry. 
19th Pa. Cavalry, 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
5th Ky. Cavalry. 
6th O. Cavalry, 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
7th O. Cavalry. 
2d Mass. H. Artillery, 
16th I1L Cavalry, 
67th Pa, Infantry, 
10th Ind. Infantry. 
116th O. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. Infantry, 
123d O. Infantry, 
76th Pa. Infantry, 
4th N. Y. Cavalry, 
2d Del. Infantry. 
6th Md. Infantry. 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
9th Md Infantry. 
21st HI. Infantry, 
113th Pa, Infantry, 
17th 0. Infantry, 
2d U. S. Cavalry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
21st O. Infantry. 



Residence. 
Attica, O. 
York, Pa. 



Chicago, 111. 
Kirksville, Ky. 

Chester, 111. 

S. Troupsburg, N. Y. 

Philadelphia, Pa, 
Hokomo, Ind. 

Newburg, O. 
Newton, N. J. 

Worcester, Mass. 
St. Louis, Mo. 
Mauch Chunck, Pa. 

Racine, O. 
Littleton, N. H. 
Monroeville, O. 
Latrobe, Pa. 
New York City. 



Xenia, O. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Wilmington, O. 
Gale6burgh, Mich. 
Port Huron, Mich. 



398 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Spindler,* Jno., 
Sprague, A. W., 
Strong, E. E., 
Strong, T. B., 
Stoke, G. W., " 
Stevenson, D. B., 
Stevens,* W. S., 
Stevens, G. C, 
Stewart, T. H., 
Stewart, Wm., 
Stuart, D. M. V., 
Stark, A. M., 
Stearns, S., 
Steele, J. M., 
Sterling, Jno., 
Stone, L. L., 
Stole, A., 
Stroman, C. P., 
Sullivan, Jno., 
Sutherland, G. W., 
Sweadner, Jno., 
Synder, G. L., 
Taylor, H. C, 
Taylor, A. A., 
Taylor, H., 
Temple, H., 
Terwilliger, J. E., 
Teter, A. J, 
Thomas, A. V., 
Thomas, G. W., 
Thompson, R., 
Thompson, L., 
Thayer, H. O., 
Thom, R. P., 
Tillotson, H. H., 
Titus, J. R., 
TifEany, M., 
Timoney, E. M. B., 
Tower, M., 



Regiment or Command. 
73d HI. Infantry. 
24th Mich. Infantry. 
16th Conn., 
11th Ky. Cavalry, 
103d Pa. Infantry, 
3d O. Infantry. 
104th N. Y. Infantry. 
154th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry, 
16th U. S. Infantry. 
10th Mo. Infantry. 
110th O. Infantry. 
4th Me. Infantry. 
1st W. Va. Infantry, 
3d Ind. Infantry. 
A. Q. M. U. S. Vols., 
6th U. S. Infantry. 
87th Pa. Infantry, 
7th R. I. Infantry. 
126th O. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry, 
104th N. Y. Infantry. 
21st Wis. Infantry. 
122d O. Infantry, 
65th Ind. Infantry. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
85th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d O. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
10th Wis. Infantry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
2d U. S. Cavalry. 
67th Pa. Infantry. 
5th Ky. Cavalry, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
3d TJ. S. Cavalry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
15th U. S. Infantry. 
13th Mass. Infantry. 



Residence. 



N. Manchester, Conn. 
Louisville, Ky. 
Orrville, Pa. 



Machias, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Wellsville, O. 

Mount Indus Falls, Vt. 

York, Pa, 

Smithfield, O. 
Liberty, Md. 

Cambridge, O. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Almond, N. Y. 
Steubenville, O. 

Stoddsville, Pa. 



Gardner, Kan. 
Calumet, Ind. 



APPENDIX. 



399 



Name. 
Trommel, Chas., 
Tresouthick, S. H., 
True, W. M., 
Turmer D., 
Tu thill, E. A., 
Turner, J., 
Tyler Ira, 
Tyler, R., 
TJlem, A. J. W., 
Undutch, M., 
Uptlgrove, J. E., 
Vanness, G. A., 
Vannetter, R. N., 
Vansbury, D., 
Vettford, Geo., 
Vinay, P., 
Warwick, Jno. P., 
Wallace, J. J., 
Wallace, R. P., 
Wallber, A, 
Wads worth, M. C, 
Watson, W. L., 
Wasson, J. M., 
Welch, J. C, 
Welsh, W. H., 
Weiser, L., 
Weeks, E. J., 
Weakley, T. J., 
Weatherbee, J., 
Weaver, J. R., 
Weston, C. P., 
Wells, Jas., 
Whiting, J. D., 
White, P. A, 
White, A. H., 
White, A. B., 
Wheeler, W. F., 
Whitney, J. N., 
Whiston, D., 



Regiment or Command. 
3d O. Infantry. 
18th Pa. Cavalry. 
16th 111. Cavalry, 
118th 111. Infantry, 
104th N. Y. Infantry, 
A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
118th HI. Infantry. 
6th Md. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
1st Mich. Cavalry. 
4th Md. Battalion. 
54th N. Y. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Infantry, 
101st Pa. Infantry, 
7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
120th O. Infantry, 
26th Wis. Infantry. 
16th Me. Infantry, 
21st Wis. Infantry, 
40th O. Infantry. 
85th N. Y. Infantry, 
78th Pa. Infantry, 
1st Md. Cavalry. 
67th Pa. Infantry, 
110th O. Infantry, 
51st O. Infantry, 
18th Pa. Infantry, 
21st Wis. Infantry. 
8th Mich. Cavalry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
83d Pa, Infantry. 
27th Pa. Infantry. 
4th Pa. Cavalry, 
9th Md. Infantry. 
2d R. I. Cavalry, 
13th Mass. Infantry. 



Residence. 



Chicago, 111. 
Warsaw, 111. 
Nnnda, N. Y. 



Wooster, O. 



Logansport, Ind. 



New York City. 
New York City. 
Beaver, Pa. 
Dowagiac, Mich. 
Loudonville, O. 

Pittston, Me. 
Waupaca, Wis. 

Angelica, N. Y. 
York, Pa. 

Phoenixville, Pa. 
New Carlisle, O. 
Port Washington, O. 
Latrobe, Pa. 



New York City. 

Allegheny City, Pa. 
Raymond, Me. 



400 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Willis, Wm., 
Williams, C. P., 
Williams, Wm. A., 
Williams, M. T., 
Williamson, J. B., 
Willotts, Wm., 
Wilson, J. B., 
Wilson, M., 
Wilson, H., 
Wilcox, W. H. H., 
Willhart, E., 
Wiltshire, J. W., 
Winner, C. N., 
Wonder, A. H., 
Wolback, A. K., 
Woodrow, J.C., 
Woodard, J. E., 
Woods, J., 
Woods, N. L., Jr., 
Worth, J. W., 
Worthen, Thos., 
Wright, D. L., 
Wright, J. W., 
Wuschow, T., 
Yates, C. H., 
York, E. D., 
Zeigler, J. D., 



Regiment or Command. 
51st Inn. Infantry. 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
123d O. Infantry. 
15th Ky. Infantry. 
14th W. Va. Infantry, 
22d Mich. Infantry, 
5th Md. Infantry. 
14th Pa. Cavalry. 
18th Pa. Infantry, 
10th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d E. Tenn. Infantry. 
45th O. Infantry, 
1st O. Infantry. 
51st Ind. Infantry. 
3d O. Infantry, 
73d Ind. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
82d Ind. Infantry. 
9th Md. Infantry. 
5th Md. Infantry, 
118th Md. Infantry, 
51st Ind. Infantry, 
10th la. Infantry, 
54th N. Y. Infantry. 
96th ILL Infantry. 
2d N. C. U. Infantry, 
114th 111. Infantry. 



Residence. 



Middlebourne, W. Va. 
Birmingham, Mich. 



Houston, Pa. 
New York City. 

Cincinnati, O. 



Wooster, O. 



Baltimore, Md. 
Warsaw, HI. 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
Desmoines, la. 



Friendship, N. Y. 



ADDITIONAL LIST OF PRISONERS.* 



[The following is an additional list of officers captured during the spring, 
summer, autumn, and winter of 1S64, after the removal of the old prisoners 
from Richmond on the 7th of May. They were imprisoned at Macon, Savan- 
nah, Charleston, Columbia, Charlotte, Raleigh, and Goldsboro'.] 



Name. 
Ashworth, J. H., 
Butler, T. H., 
Crooks, S. J., 
Frazier, J., 
Huey, Pennock, 
Miller, F. C, 
Shedd, W., 
White, Daniel, 



COLONELS. 

Regiment or Command. 
1st Ga. U. S. Infantry. 
6th Ind. Cavalry, 
22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
140th Pa. Infantry, 
8th Pa. Cavalry, 
147th N. Y. Infantry, 
13th 111. Infantry, 
31st Me. Infantry, 



Residence. 

Clifty, Iud. 
New York City. 
Canonsburg, Pa. 
Westchester, Pa. 
Oswego, N. Y. 
Aledo, 111. 
Bangor, Me. 



Buffum, M. P., 
Conyngham, J. B., 
Clancy, C. W., 
Leeds, M. A., 
McCreary, D. B., 
Moulton, O., 
Morgan, Benj. B., 



LIEUTENANT-COLONELS. 

4th R. I. Infantry, 
52d Pa. Infantry. 
52d O. Infantry, 
153d O. Infantry, 
145th Pa. Infantry, 
25th Mass. Infantry. 
75th O. Infantry, 



Providence, R. I. 

Smithfield, O. 
Bantam, O. 
Erie, Pa. 

Franklin, O. 



This list docs not include those officers who were specially exchanged while at Charleston. 



402 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Sawders, A. H., 
S tough ton, H. R., 
Thorp, T. J., 
Watson, C. C, 
Wallace, G., 
Von Helmrick, G., 



Regiment or Command. 
16th la. Infantry, 
2d U. S. S. S. 
1st N. Y. Dragoons, 
6th Ind. Cavalry, 
47th O. Infantry, 
4th Mo. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
Davenport, Iowa. 

Almond, N. Y. 
Greencastle, Ind. 
Morning Sun, O. 
St. Louis, Mo. 



Denny, W. N., 
Dewees, J. H., 
Dunn, M., 
English, D., 
Filler, J. H., 
Flemming, C. K., 
Forbes, W. H., 
Fox, G. B., 
Hall, W. P., 
Darkness, R., 
Hasley, T. J., 
Isett, J. H., 
Kendall, W. M., 
Lernan, P. M., 
Lynch, C. M., 
Mattock, C. P., 
Nelson, P., 
Parsons, W. L., 
Pasco, H. L., 
Pratt, J. E., 
Quigg, D., 
Reynolds, W. H., 
Smith, T. A., 
Soper, M. H., 
Speece, L. B., 
Steele, J., 
Thomas, D., 
Vickers, D., 
Wanner, G. G, 
Young, J. W., 



MAJORS. 

51st Ind. Infantry, 
13th Pa. Cavalry, 
19th Mass. Infantry. 
11th Ky. Cavalry, 
55th Pa. Infantry, 
11th Vt. Infantry, 
2d Mass. Cavalry. 
75th O. Infantry, 
6th N. Y. Cavalry, 
10th Wis. Infantry, 
11th N. Y. Infantry, 
8th Ind. Cavalry, 
73d Ind. Infantry, 
22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
145th Pa. Infantry, 
17th Me. Infantry. 
66th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d Wis. Infantry. 
16th Conn. Infantry, 
4th Vt. Infantry, 
14th 111. Cavalry, 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
7th Tenn. Cavalry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
2d Pa. Cavalry, 
135th O. Infantry, 
4th N. J. Infantry, 
24th N. Y. Cavalry, 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 



Vincennes, Ind. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Owening, Ky. 
Bedford, Pa. 
Bellows Falls, Vt. 

Cincinnati, O. 
Brooklyn. 
Elkhorn, Wis. 
Dover, N. J. 
Wappello, Iowa. 
Plymouth, Ind. 
Memphis, N. Y. 
Erie, Pa. 

Westchester, N. Y. 

Hartford, Conn. 
Bennington, Vt. 
Bloomington, 111. 
Utica, N. Y. 
Lexington, Tenn. 
Sheldon, 111. 
Wilkesharre, Pa. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Newark, O. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Cherry Valley, N. Y. 



APPENDIX. 



403 



Name. 
Aigan, John, 
Algbaugh,W. N., 
Alters, J. B., 
Amory, C. B., 
Andrews, H. B., 
Auer, M., 
Barrett, J. A, 
Bayard, G. A., 
Baker, H. D., 
Baker, W. P., 
Barnum, S. D., 
Bartlett, O. E., 
Belger, James, 
Bennett, B., 
Bennett, W. F., 
Benson, J. P., 
Benson A. N., 
Beebe, B. C, 
Biebel, H., 
Blanchard, Geo. A, 
Bliss, A. T., 
Bostwick, N., 
Bowen, C. A., 
Boutwin, C. W., 
Bradley, G., 
Bremen, S., 
Brown, J. H., 
Bryant, J. W., 
Burdick, C. H., 
Burpee, E. A., 
Burbank, H. H., 
Call, C. H., 
Carr, J. P., 
Camp, T. B., 
Case, P. S., 
Carperts, L. M., 
Carpenter, E. N., 



CAPTAINS. 

Regiment or Command. 
5th R. I. Artillery, 
51st Pa. Infantry, 
75th O. Infantry, 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
17th Mich. Infantry. 
15th N. Y. Cavalry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
148th Pa. Infantry. 
120th HI. Infantry, 
87th Pa. Infantry, 
23d U. S. C. T., 
31st Me. Infantry, 
1st R. I. Artillery. 
22d N. T. Cava! 17, 
39th la. Infantry, 
120th HI. Infantry, 
1st D. C. Cavalry. 
13th Md. Infantry, 
6th Conn. Infantry, 
85th El. Infantry, 
10th N. Y. Cavalry, 
20th O. Infantry. 
18th Conn. Infantry. 
4th Vt. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Infantry. 
3d Mich. Infantry, 
17th la. Infantry, 
5th N. Y. Cavalry, 
1st Tenn. Cavalry, 
19th Me. Infantry, 
32d Me. Infantry, 
29th HI. Infantry, 
93d Ind. Infantry, 
52d Pa. Infantry, 
2d O. Cavalry, 
18th Wis. Infantry. 
6th Pa. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
Pawtucket, R. I. 
Morristown, Pa. 
Spring Dale, O. 
Jamaica Plain, Mass. 

Syracuse, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Golconda, HI. 
Gettysburg, Pa. 
North Rome, Pa. 
Showhegan, Me. 

Hammondsport, N. Y. 
Osceola, Iowa. 
Vienna, HI. 

Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Havana, HI. 
Peterboro', N. Y. 



Chester, Vt. 

Georgetown, Mich. 
Desmoines, Iowa. 
Washington, D. C. 
Nashville, Tenn. 
Rockland, Me. 
Limerick, Me. 
Inkster, Mich. 
Austin, Ind. 
Camptown, Pa. 
Wellington, O. 

Germantown, Pa. 



404 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Chalfant, J. T., 
Charm cey, C. R., 
ChapiD, H. C, 
Clark, M. W., 
Clark, L. S., 
Clyde, J. D., 
Cole, A. F., 
Colville, J. W., 
Coglin, T., 
Cooke, H. P., 
Daniels, E. S., 
Davenport, T. F., 
Davis, W. H., 
Davis, L. B., 
Derrickson, J. G., 
Dennis, J. B., 
Dirlan, C. J., 
Dicey, E. C, 
Dibeler, J., 
Doane, E. B., 
Dodge, C. C, 
Donohey, G. B., 
Downing, O. J., 
Dusbrow, W., 
Duzenburgh, A., 
Eagan, M., 
Elder, S. 8., 
Evans, B. W., 
Evans, N. C, 
Fall, J. P., 
Farr, W. V., 
Fay, W. W., 
Fiedler, J., 
Fi3k, W. M., 
Flamsburg, O., 
Ford, E. W., 
Francis, J. L., 
Funk, J. W., 
Galloway, J. L., 



Regiment or Command. 
11th Pa. Infantry, 
34th Mass. Infantry, 
4th Vt. Infantry, 
11th la. Cavalry, 
62d N. Y. Infantry, 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
59th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Mich. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. H. Artillery, 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
35th U. S. C. T., 
75th O. Infantry. 
4th Md. Infantry, 
93d Ind. Infantry, 
66th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th Conn. Infantry. 
12th O. Infantry, 
1st Mich. S. S., 
45th Pa. Infantry, 
8th O. Cavalry, 
20th Mich. Infantry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C. 
2d N. Y. Cavalry, 
40th N. Y. Infantry, 
35th N. Y. Infantry. 
15th W. Va. Infantry. 
1st U. S. Artillery. 
4th O. Cavalry, 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
32d Me. Infantry, 
106th Pa. Infantry. 
56th Mass. Infantry. 
Eng. R. C. U. S. A. 
73d N. Y. Infantry. 
4th Ind. Battalion. 
9th Minn. Infantry, 
135th O. Infantry. 
39th N. Y. Infantry, 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 



Residence. 
Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Westfleld, Mass. 
Elmira, N. Y. 
Columbus City, Iowa. 
Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
Lowville, N. Y. 
East Saginaw, Mich. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Deckartown, N. J. 
Old Cambridge, Mass. 

Baltimore, Md. 
Patriot, Ind. 
New York City. 

Clyde, O. 
Detroit, Mich. 
Bainbridge, Pa. 
Salem. 
Marshall, Mich. 

Long Island, N. Y. 
New York City. 



Kirkersville, O. 
Rainsburg, Pa. 
South Berwick, Me. 



Austin, Minn. 

New York City. 
Pensacola, Fla. 



APPENDIX. 



405 



Name. 
Gillespie, J. B., 
Gilbert, E. C, 
Gill, A. W. H., 
Goodrich, A. L., 
Grant, E., 
Grant, A, 
Green, E. JEL, 
Green, J. L., 
Grayhaur, P., 
Gutjahr, C, 
Harris, W., 
Hart, G. D., 
Hastings, C. W., 
Hayes, E., 
Hay den, J. A., 
Haines, H. A, 
Heer, T. A., 
Heltermus, J. B., 
Heinrod, P., 
Heck, F. W., 
Hitt, W. R., 
Hill, V. H., 
Hobbie, C. A., 
Hoyt, H. B., 
Hobart, M. C, 
Hodge, W. L., 
Holes, A. J., 
Huff, H. B., 
Hume, D. J., 
Hutchinson, R. C, 
Hymer, S., 
Ingledew, L., 
Jackson, C. G., 
Jenkins, H., 
Jobe, B. A., 
Jones, D., 
Joues, S. C, 
Johnson, J. D., 
Judson, S. C, 



Regiment or Command. 
120th 111. Infantry, 
152d N. Y. Infantry, 
14th N. T. Infantry, 
8th N. Y. Cavalry, 
1st Vt. Cavalry. 
19th Wis. Infantry. 
107th Pa. Infantry, 
A A Gen. U. S. A, 
54th Pa. Infantry, 
16th 111. Infantry. 
24th Mo. Cavalry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry. 
12th Mass. Infantry. 
95th N. Y. Infantry, 
11th Pa. V. R. C, 
184th Pa. Infantry. 
28th O. Infantry, 
ISth Ky. Infantry. 
105th O. Infantry, 
2d Md. Infantry, 
13th 111. Cavalry, 
2d Md. Infantry, 
17th Conn. Infantry, 
140th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th Wis. Infantry, 
120th 111. Infantry, 
37th Wis. Infantry. 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
19th Mass. Infantry, 
8th Mich. Infantry. 
1 15th 111. Infantry, 
7th Mich. Infantry, 
84th Pa. Infantry, 
40th Mass. Infantry. 
11th Pa. V. R. C, 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
7th N. Y. Artillery. 
10th N. Y. Infantry, 
106th N. Y. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Vienna, 111. 
Butternuts, N. Y. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Churchville, N. Y. 



Maytown, Pa. 
Monroe, Mich. 
Johnstown, Pa. 

Mount Vernon, Mo. 



Sing Sing, N. Y. 
Uniontown, Pa. 

Tell City, Ind. 

Waterford, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Urbana, O. 
Manchester, N. H. 
Stamford, Conn. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Fall River, Wis. 
Golconda, 111. 

Altoona, Pa. 
Boston, Mass. 

Rushville, 111. 
Janesville, Wis. 
Berwick, Pa. 

Salem Cross Roads, Pa. 
Utica, N. Y. 

Hamisports, 3ST. J. 
Ogdensburg, N. Y. 



406 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Kessler, J. G., 
Kenyon, P. D., 
Kenfield, P., 
King, J. E., 
Latimer, E. C, 
Law, G., 
Little, J. S., 
Logan, W. S., 
Lyttle, C. W., 
May, J., 
Maish, L., 
Mattison, A. C, 
Manley, J. A., 
McCarty, W. W., 
McCray, H., 
McDonald, H. J., 
McFadden, W. M., 
McGraylis, M., 
McHugh, J. W., 

Mclntyre, 

McWitt, R. J., 
Metzger, J., 
Merrill, H. P., 
Melkhorn, M., 
Millard, R. J., 
Moors, N. H., 
Moore, Le Roy, 
Morton, J. W., 
Morgan, S. M., 
Murray, S. P., 
Mudgett, A. G., 
Nash, W. H., 
Newsonie, E., 
Newlin, C, 
Nichols, C. H., 
Nolan, L., 
Norton, E. E., 
Norris, J., 
Noyse, C. S., 



Regiment or Command. 
2d Ind. Cavalry. 
15th 111. Battalion, 
17th Vt. Infantry, 
103d 111. Infantry, 
27th TJ. S. C. T., 
6th W. Va. Cavalry, 
143d Pa. Infantry, 
7th Mich. Infantry, 
145th Pa. Infantry. 
15th Mass. Artillery. 
87th Pa. Infantry, 
12th N. Y. Infantry. 
64th N. Y. Infantry. 
18th O. Infantry, 
115th Pa. Infantry. 
11th Conn. Infantry, 
59th N. Y. Infantry. 
93d Ind. Infantry. 
69th Pa. Infantry, 
15th Wis. Infantry. 
1st Pa. Cavalry, 
55th Pa. Infantry. 
4th Ky. Infantry. 
135th O. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
7th N. Y. Artillery, 
72d O. Infantry, 
4th Mass. Cavalry. 
A. A. Gen. TJ. S. Vols., 
2d U.S. S. S., 
11th Me. Infantry, 
1st U. S. S. S., 
81st 111. Infantry, 
7th Pa. Cavalry. 
6th Conn. Infantry. 
2d Del. Infantry. 
24th Mich. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
31st Me. Infantry, 



Residence. 

Mount Carroll, Ind. 
Morristown, Vt 
Middleport, 111. 
Canton, O. 
Ellenboro', W. Va. 
Nicholson, Pa. 
Richland, Mich. 



York, Pa. 

McConnellsville, O. 
Kingston, N. J. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Milroy, Pa. 



Ada, O. 

Tow ersville, Pa. 
Albany, N. Y. 
Fremont, O. 

Lindy, N. Y. 
Candia, N. H. 
Newbury, Me. 
New York City. 
Carbondale, 111. 



Detroit, Mich. 
Washington, D. C. 
Mount Desert, Me. 



APPENDIX. 



407 



Name. 
Nutting. J. H., 
Nuhfer, A., 
Ogan, H. W., 
Parker, J., 
Paine, L. B., 
Paine, J. A., 
Paul, A. C, 
Pettit, G., 
Pendleton, D. B., 
Peniberton, H. V., 
Piggott, J. T., Jr., 
Pierce, S. C, 
Ping, T., 
Plase, W. H., 
Powell, J. P., 
Powers, D. H., 
Porter, D. M., 
Porter, B. B., 

Reed, 

Reynolds, W. J., 
Reynolds, W. J., 
Reir, Geo. W., 
Richards, R. C, 
Ritter, H., 
Robinson, C, 
Rosencranz, A. C, 
Rourke, J., 
Sargent, H. R, 
Schooley, D., 
Schofield, K, 
Scott, D. W., 
Shurtz, E., 
Sherman, S. U., 
Shuttz, W., 
Skilton, A. S., 
Smart, G. F. C, 
Smith, H. J., 
Smith, J. H., 
Smith, A. B., 



Regiment or Command. 
27th Mass. Infantry. 
72d O. Infantry, 
14th O. Infantry. 
1st N. J. Infantry, 
121st N. Y. Infantry, 
2d Ind. Cavalry, 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols., 
120th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Mich. Cavalry, 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
8th Pa. Cavalry, 
3d N. Y. Cavalry, 
17th la. Infantry, 
87th U. S. Infantry, 
146th N. Y. Infantry, 
6th Mich. Cavalry. 
120th 111. Infantry. 
10th N. Y. Artillery, 
107th N. Y. Infantry. 
75th O. Infantry. 
4th R. I. Infantry, 
107th N. Y. Infantry. 
45th Pa. Infantry, 
52d N. Y. Infantry, 
31st TJ. S. C. T. 
4th Ind. Cavalry, 
1st 111. Artillery, 
32d Me. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
11th Pa. V. R. C, 
23d U. S. C. T., 
8th la. Cavalry. 
4th R. I. Infantry, 
37th O. Infantry, 
57th O. Infantry. 
145th Pa. Infantry, 
53d Pa. Infantry, 
16th la. Infantry, 
4Sth 111. Infantry. 



Woodville, O. 

Trenton, N. J. 
Garratsville, N. Y. 
Bridgetown, Ind. 
Newport, Ky. 
Lexington, N. Y. 
Detroit, Mich. 
New York City. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Ashland, Iowa. 
Dayton, O. 
Clinton, N. Y. 



Taylor, N. Y. 



Wickford, R. I. 

Ontario, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Evansville, Ind. 
Milwaukie, Wis. 
Portland, Me. 
Pittston, Pa. 
Brookville, Pa. 
Pottsville, Pa. 

Providence, R. I. 
Toledo, O. 

West Greenville, Pa. 
Huntingdon, Pa. 
Lyons, Iowa, 



408 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
s, J. G., 
Snyder, J., 
Spencer, S. A., 
Stevens, J. E., 
Stewart, E. T., 
Stansbury, M. L., 
Strang, H. W., 
Sutcher, C. B., 
Swan, E. J., 
Swift, E. E., 
Tibbies, H. G., 
Tilbrand, H., 
Timbson, S. C, 
Thompson, J., 
Turner, J. H., 
Tyler, L. D. C, 
Underwood, J. W., 
Uffar, H. A., 
Un thank, C. L., 
Vaughn, Z., 
Van Haack, A, 
Von Keiser, A., 
Washburn, W., 
Wakefield, H. B., 
Walpole, H. H., 
Wall, M. W., 
West, J. H., 
Westbrook, U. S., 
Webb, G., 
Whittaker, E. B., 
Willis, A E., 
Wilson, W. M., Jr., 
Wilson, J., 
Williams, E., 
Wiley, M., 
Wright, B. F., 
Wright, E. J., 
Wyman, E. T., 
Young, D. G. f 
Zarracher, F. K., 



Regiment or Command. 
110th O. Infantry, 
14th N. T. Infantry, 
82dlnd. Infantry. 
40th N. T. Infantry, 
138th Pa. Infantry, 
95th O. Infantry. 
30th HI. Infantry, 
16th 111. Infantry. 
76th N. V. Infantry, 
27th Mass. Infantry, 
12th O. Infantry, 
4th N. H. Infantry. 
95th N. T. Infantry, 
4th O. Cavalry. 
16th la. Infantry, 
106th Pa. Infantry, 
57th O. Infantry. 
A. A. Gen. U. S. Vols. 
11th Ky. Cavalry. 
1st Me. Cavalry, 
68th N. Y. Infantry. 
30th N. Y. Battery. 
35th Mass. Infantry, 
55th Ind. Infantry, 
122d N. Y. Infantry, 
69th N. Y. Infantry. 
11th Ky. Infantry. 
135th O. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
72d Pa. Infantry. 
8th Me. Infantry, 
122d O. Infantry, 
57th O. Infantry. 
12th O. Infantry, 
1st Tenn. Infantry. 
146th N. Y. Infantry, 
6th O. Infantry, 

81st 111. Infantry, 
18th Pa. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
New Madison, O. 
Heuvelton, N. Y. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Morristown, Pa. 

Collins Station, 111. 

Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
Springfield, Mass. 
Dayton, O. 

New York City. 

Muscatine, Iowa. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



Freeman, Me. 



Boston, Mass. 
Azalia, Ind. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 



Zanesville, O. 
Murcy, Pa. 

Biddeford, Me. 
Zanesville, O. 

Dayton, O. 

Utica, N. Y. 
Springfield, O. 
Augusta, Me. 
De Soto, 111. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



APPENDIX. 



409 



Name. 

Abbey, A. L., 
Abbott, A 0., 
Abbott, E. A., 
Adams, J. G. B., 
Adams, W. C, 
Afflee, E. T., 
Alexander, E. P., 
Allen, Robert, 
Alden, G. C, 
Anderson, H..M., 
Anderson, J. F., 
Appleget, A S., 
Austin, G. A., 
Baldwin, C. W., 
Barker, H. E., 
Barton, J. L., 
Barnes, A. T., 
Barringer, A., 
Bateman, Wm., 
Baird, Wm., 
Barnard, W. A, 
Beasley, J. L., 
Beecham, R. K., 
Bearce, H. M., 
Bell, C. A, 
Beebee, H. E., 
Bigley, C.H., 
Bixby, H. H., 
Bishop, E. P., 
Biller, J. N., 
Blane, W., 
Blasse, Wm., 
Blickenhoff, M., 
Bosford, W. R., 
Boyd, W. J., 
Bowen, C. T., 
Bowley, F. S., 

17 



LIEUTENANTS. 

Regiment or Command. 
8th Mich. Cavalry, 
1st N. T. Dragoons, 
2d O. Veterans, 
19th Mass. Infantry, 
2d Ky. Cavalry, 



26th Mich. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Dragoons. 
112th 111. Infantry, 
3d Me. Infantry. 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
2d N. J. Cavalry, 
14th EJ. Battalion, 
2d N. J. Infantry, 
22d N. Y. Cavalry. 
49th Pa. Infantry. 
111. Veterans. 
44th N. Y. Infantry, 
9th Mich. Cavalry, 
23d U. S. C. T., 
20th Mich. Infantry, 
81st 111. Infantry, 
23d U. S. C. T., 
82d Me. Infantry, 
A. D. C. U. S. Vols. 
22d N. Y. Cavalry. 
82d N. Y. Infantry. 
9th Me. Infantry, 
4th Tenn. Cavalry. 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
43d N. Y. Infantry, 
43d N. Y. Infantry, 
42d N. Y. Infantry, 
1st N. Y. Infantry. 
5th Mich. Cavalry. 
4th K. I. Infantry, 
30th U. S. C. T., 



Residence. 
Armada, Mich. 
Almond, N. Y. 
Olmstead's Fall, O. 
Groveland, Mass. 
Star Furnace, Ky. 
Bridgeport, O. 
Detroit, Mich. 

Annawan, 111. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Hightstown, Pa. 
Woodstock, 111. 
New York City. 



Nassau, N. Y. 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
North Bome, Pa. 
Lansing, Mich. 
Fredonia, 111. 
Sun Prairie, Mo. 
West Minor, Me. 



Norridgewock, Me. 

Martinsburg, W. Va. 
Albany, N. Y. 
Albany, N. Y. 
New York City. 



Wickford, R. I. 
Worcester, Mass. 



410 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Boettger, C, 
Braiday, Count S., 
Braidy, A. J., 
Brady, W. H., 
Brown, C. A., 
Brown, C. O., 
Briston, J. H., 
Breon, J., 
Briscoe, A. M., 
Brum, S., 
Bryan, J. H., 
Bulow, A., 
Burns, M., 
Buchanan, W., 
Burkholder, D. W., 
Burnett, G. M., 
Burton, B., 
Burrows, S. W., 
Buckley, H., 
Campbell, L. A., 
Campbell, W. F., 
Carr, C. W., 
Casler, J. L., 
Caldwell, J. S., 
Carlisle, L. B., 
Chase, D. L. Jr., 
Case, M. B., 
Casey, J., 
Carter, W. H., 
Canney, W. H., 
Cameron, J. F., 
Califf, B., F., 
Cashell, C. P., 
Chute, R. H., 
Chapin, H. A., 
Chahill, W., 
Chase, H. R., 
Chubbuck, D. B., 
Charters, A. M., 



Regiment or Command. 
2d Md. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Cavalry, 
54th Pa. Infantry. 
2d Del. Infantry, 
1st N. Y. Artillery. 
81st Me. Infantry, 
1st Conn. Cavalry. 
148th Pa. Infantry, 
Coles' Md. Cavalry, 
81st El. Infantry. 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
3d N. J. Cavalry. 
13th N. Y. Cavalry. 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th Pa. Infantry, 
4th Ind. Cavalry, 
9th N. Y. Artillery. 
1st N. Y. Vet. Cavalry. 
4th N. H. Infantry. 
153d N. Y. Infantry, 
51st Pa. Infantry, 
4th Vt. Infantry. 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
16th HI. Cavalry, 
145th Pa. Infantry, 
102d N. Y. Infantry, 
23d U. S. C. T., 
45th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Pa. V. E. C, 
69th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry, 



12th Pa. Cavalry. 
59th Mass. Infantry, 
95th K Y. Infantry. 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
1st Vt. H. Artillery, 
19th Mass. Infantry. 
17th la. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Vienna, Austria. 

Wilmington, Del. 

Moro, Me. 

Potter's Mills, Pa. 
Baltimore, Md. 

Harrisburg, Pa. 



Cohoes, N. Y. 
Shippensburg, Pa. 
Terre Haute, Ind. 



Cherry Valley, N. Y. 
Slifer, Pa. 

Otsego, N. Y. 
Chicago, HI. 
Luthersburg, Pa. 
Lansing, Mich. 
Ottawona, Minn. 
Tuckahoe, N. Y. 
Elimsport, Pa. 
New York City. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Salem, Mass. 

Chelsea, Maes. 

Solon, N. Y. 
Guilfort Centre, Vt. 

Leavenworth, Kan. 



APPENDIX. 



411 



Name. 
Channell, J. R., 
ChesmaD, H., 
Chittendon, J. L., 
Clark, J. W., 
Clark, J. H., 
Clark, H. L., 
Clegg, M., 
Clemmens, T., 
Cline, D. J., 
Coslett, C, 
Cooper, R., 
Cook, W. C, 
Coffin, V. L., 
Codington, J. P., 
Correll, H., 
Cope, J. D., 
Core, J. W., 
Colter, W. J., 
Conover, W. H., 
Conn, C. G., 
Coram, Geo., 
Copeland, W. A., 
Copeland, C. D., 
Crawford, C. H., 
Crornack, S. O., 
Creacy, G. W., 
Cribben, H., 
Crossley, S., 
Cramer, C. P., 
Cutter, C. H., 
Curtis, G. M., 
Curtis, W. H., 
Cunningham, J., 
Cunningham, M., 
Cunningham, M., 
Damrell, W. S., 
Davis, W. G., 
Davidson, J. W., 
Doan, S. V., 



Regiment or Command. 
1st 111. Artillery, 
7th Ind. Infantry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
59th N. T. Infantry, 
1st Mass. Artillery, 
2d Mass. Artillery, 
5th Ind. Cavalry. 
13th 111. Infantry. 
75th O. Infantry, 
115th Pa. Infantry, 
7th N. J. Infantry, 
9th Mich. Cavalry, 
31st Me. Infantry, 
8th la. Cavalry, 
2d Vt Infantry, 
116th Pa. Infantry, 
6th W. Va. Cavalry. 
15th Mass. Infantry, 
22d N. T. Cavalry, 
1st M. S. S. 
2d Ky. Cavalry, 
10th Mich. Infantry. 
53th Pa. Infantry, 
ISSth Pa. Infantry, 
77th N. T. Infantry, 
35th Mass. Infantry, 
140th N. Y. Infantry, 
118th Pa. Infantry, 
21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
95th N. Y. Infantry, 
140th N. Y. Infantry, 
19th Mass. Infantry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
42d N. Y. Infantry, 
1st Vt. H. Artillery. 
13th Mass. Infantry, 
27th Mass. Infantry. 
95th O. Infantry, 
145th la. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Ottawa, 111. 
Cincinnati, O. 
Knoxville, Tenn. 
Butler, O. 
Boston, Mass. 
Rochester, N. Y. 



Logan Hocking, O. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Jersey City, N. J. 
Tecumseh, Mich. 
Harrington, Me. 
Dubuque, Iowa. 
New Haven, Conn. 
Uniontown, Pa. 

Clinton, Mass. 
Norwich, N. Y. 

Greenupsburg, Pa. 

Fall River, Mass. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Bennington, Vt. 
Newburyport, Mass. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
West Troy, N. Y. 
Boston, Mass. 
Rochester, N. Y. 
Randolph, Mass. 
Leesport, Pa. 
Norwich, Conn. 

Boston, Mass. 

Big Plains, 0. 
West Springfield, Pa. 



412 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
De Lay, R., 
Demrnick, O. W., 
Diffenbach, W. B., 
Dick, L., 
Dickenson, E., 
Dorr, H. G., 
Dorris, W. C, 
Donovan, J., 
Dodge, H. G., 
Downs, C, 
Downing, H. A., 
Dorfee, W. H., 
Drennan, J. S., 
Driscoll, D., 
Drake, J. M., 
Drew, G. H., 
Dunn, J., 
Diuining, A. J., 
Dunn, J., 
Durboyne, G., 
Dyer, E. B., 
Eastman, P. R., 
Eagan, John, 
Eckings,* T. K., 
Elkin, J. L. F., 
Elder, Jobn, 
Evans, T. E., 
Everett, Chas., 
Eyestone, J. W., 
Fairbanks, J., 
Faye, E. M., 
Fagan, C. A., 
Fatzer, S., 
Fales, L. D. C, 
Faas, Louis, 
Ferris, J. M., 
Finney, G. E., 
Finney, D. S., 
Fisher, L. W., 



Regiment or Command. 
4th la. Cavalry, 
11th N. H. Infantry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
72d O. Infantry, 
44th Wis. Infantry. 
4th Mass. Cavalry, 
11th III. Infantry. 
2d N. J. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Cavalry, 
33d N. J. Infantry, 
Slst U. S. C. T., 
— R. I. Infantry, 
1st Vt Artillery, 
24th Mo. Infantry, 
12th N. J. Infantry, 
9th N. H. Infantry, 
64th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th N. Y. Artillery. 
5th N. H. Infantry, 
60th N. Y. Infantry. 
1st Conn. Cavalry, 
2d Pa. Cavalry, 
1st U. S. Artillery. 
3d N. J. Infantry. 
1st N. J. Infantry, 
8th Ind. Infantry. 
62d Pa. Infantry, 
70th O. Infantry, 
13th Ind. Infantry, 
72d O. Infantry, 
42d N. Y. Infantry, 
11th Pa. V. R. C, 
108th N. Y. Infantry, 



14th N. Y. Artillery, 
3d Mich. Infantry. 
19th Ind. Infantry, 
14th 111. Infantry, 
4th Vt. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Centerville, Iowa. 
Strafford, Vt 
Huntingdon, Pa. 
Fremont, O. 

Boston, Mass. 

Elizabeth, N. J. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Patterson, N. J. 
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Newport, R. L 
Morrisville, Vt. 
Cannonsburg, Mich. 
Trenton, N. J. 
Milford, N. H. 
New York City. 

Keene, N. H. 

Derby, Conn. 

Mount Clemens, Mich. 



New Brunswick, N. J. 

Hyde Park, Pa. 
Cleveland, O 
Washington, Iowa. 
RollersviUe, O. 
New York City. 
Ebensburg, Pa. 
Rochester, N. Y. 

Attica, N. Y. 

Elizabeth, Ind. 
Beardstown, 111. 
Danville, Vt. 



APPENDIX. 



413 



Name. 
Flannery, D., 
Fisher, S., 
Fitzpatrick, D., 
Finger, G. W., 
Forney, D., 
Foster, H. C, 
Foley, John, 
Fontaine, E., 
Fowler, H. M., 
French, H., 
Frost, R. C, 
Furgeson, J., 
Gallagher, J., 
George, G. J., 
Gottshell, J., 
Goodown, J. M., 
Goodwin, J. A., 
Gordon, C. O., 
Gordon, H. M., 
Goss, J. W., 
Godley, M. L., 
Grant, H. D., 
Granger, C. M., 
Green, E. A., 
Grey, Phillip, 
Griff en, T., 
Gunn, T. M., 
Hall, A. M., 
Hall, R. F., 
Hart, E. R., 
Haight, J. T., 
Hazel, E. J., 
Hazelton, D. W., 
Hastings, G. L., 
Hastings, J. L., 
Hamilton, H. N., 
Harvey, J. L., 
Hadley, H. V., 
nallett, M. V. B., 



Regiment or Command. 
4th N. J. Infantry, 
93d Ind. Infantry. 
146th N. Y. Infantry, 
11th Pa. V. R. C, 
30th O. Infantry, 
23d Ind. Infantry, 
59th Mass. Infantry, 
Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
15th N. J. Infantry, 
3d Vt. Infantry, 
9th Mich. Cavalry, 
1st N. J. Infantry, 
4th O. Veterans, 
40th 111. Infantry. 
55th Pa. Infantry. 
12th Ind. Infantry, 
1st Mass. Cavalry, 
1st Me. Cavalry, 
143d Pa. Infantry, 
1st Mass. Artillery, 
17th la. Infantry, 
117th N. Y. Infantry. 
88th N. Y. Infantry. 
81st 111. Infantry. 
72d Pa. Infantry. 
55 th U. S. C. T., 
21st Ky. Infantry, 
9th Minn. Infantry. 
75th O. Infantry, 
IstVt. Artillery, 
8th la. Cavalry, 
6th Pa. Cavalry, 
22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
24th N. Y. Battery, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
59th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
7th Ind. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
Trenton, N. J. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Butler, Pa. 
Coshocton, O. 
Jefferson ville, Ind. 
Boston, Mass. 
Washington, D. C. 
Newark, N. J. 
Hartford, Conn. 
Albion, Mich. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Brookfleld, Vt. 



Fort Wayne, Ind. 
Medford, Mass. 
Phillips, Me. 
Shickshlnny, Pa. 
Ipswich, Mass. 
Ashland, Iowa. 



Pulaski, 111. 
Skelbyville, Ky. 

Cincinnati, O. 
Danvers, Mass. 
Tipton, Iowa. 
Baltimore, Md. 
Peterboro, N. Y. 
Albany, N. Y. 
Salona, , Pa. 
Belleville, O. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Indianapolis, Ind. 
Osceola, Pa. 



414 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Havens, D., 
Hays, C. A., 
Harris, J. W., 
Hackett, A. N., 
Hand, S. P., 
Haywood, L. E., 
Herbert, R., 
Hedges, S. P., 
Hewett, J., 
Heston, J., 
Heffelfinger, J., 
Henry, A. J., 
Herzberg, P., 
Hendryks, W. H., 
Henderson, R., 
Hill, G. W., 
Hill, O. M., 
Hinds, H. C, 
Higley, E. H, 
Hodge, J. F., 
Horton, S. H., 
Holden, E., 
Hopper, J., 
Holland, W. R., 
Holaham, C. P., 
Hoyt, W. H, 
Hoallaclay, V. G., 
Hopf, Geo., 
Hogue, J. W., 
Hurd, W. B., 
Hurt, C. O., 
Hull, G. N., 
Hughes, R. M., 
Huston, J., 
Hurst, T. B., 
Huntington, E. S., 
Isham, A. B., 
Jacks, J., 
Jenkins, G. W., 



Regiment or Command. 
85tk I1L Infantry, 
11th Pa. Infantry, 
2d Ind. Cavalry, 
101st O. Infantry, 
43d U. S. C. T., 
58th Mass. Infantry. 
50th Pa. Infantry, 
112th N. Y. Infantry, 
105th Pa. Infantry. 
4th N. J. Infantry, 
Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
120th 111. Infantry. 
66th N. T. Infantry, 
11th Mich. Battery. 
1st Mass. Artillery, 
7th Mich. Cavalry, 
1st Mo. Artillery. 
102d N. T. Infantry, 
IstVt. Cavalry, 
55th Pa. Infantry. 
101st Pa. Infantry. 
1st Vt. Cavalry, 
2d N. T. Cavalry, 
5th Md. Cavalry. 
10th Pa. Cavalry, 
16th la. Infantry, 
2d Ind. Cavalry, 
2dMd. Infantry, 
4th Pa. Cavalry. 
17th Mich. Cavalry, 
5th Me. Battery. 
13th O. Infantry. 
14th 111. Cavalry, 
95th O. Infantry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C, 
11th U. S. Infantry. 
7th Mich. Cavalry, 
15th W. Va. Infantry. 
9th W. Va. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Manito, 111. 
Eagle, Pa. 
Terre Haute, Ind. 
Masillon, O. 
Binghamton, N. Y. 

Lebanon, Pa. 
Jamestown, N. Y. 

Sing Sing, N. Y. 
Mechanicsburg, Pa. 

New York City. 

Lawrence, Mass. 
Detroit, Mich. 

Richfield Springs, N. Y. 
Castleton, Vt 



Barre, Vt. 
Scranton, Pa. 

Philadelphia, Pa. 
Camanche, Iowa. 
Wintersett, Ind. 
Baltimore, Md. 



Jackson, Mich. 

Vandalia, HI. 
Clay Lick, O. 
Dillsburg, Pa. 

Detroit, Mich. 

Portland, O. 



APPENDIX. 



415 



Name. 
Johnson, J. W., 
Johnson, H. A., 
Johnson, G. K., 
Jones, Alfred, 
Justus, J. C, 
Kendrick, E., 
Kendrick, R. H., 
Kerr, S. C, 
Kendall, H. T., 
Kelly, A., 
Kelly, J. M., 
Kelley, J. K., 
Keen, J., 
Kennedy, J. D., 
Kemp ton, J. P., 
Kempton, F. H., 
Kenyon, G. C, 
Keheart, J, 
Kellow, J., 
Kidd, J. H., 
Kidder, G. C, 
King, Abe, 
Kibby, G. L., 
Knox, G., 
Knox, J. C, 
Krohn, P., 
Lay cock, J. B., 
Larabee, W. H., 
Laid, J. O., 
Laid, M., 
Lane, L. M., 
Lamson, T. D., 
Lawrence, Q. K., 
Lewis, C. E., 
Lee, A., 
Lewry, D. W., 
Lemon, M. W., 
Limbard, A., 
Long, C. H., 



Regiment or Command. 
1st Mass. Artilleiy. 
3d Me. Infantry. 
1st Me. Cavalry. 
50th Pa. "Veterans, 
2d Pa. V. R. C, 
10th N. J. Infantry, 
25th Wis. Infantry, 
125th 0. Infantry, 
50th Pa. Infantry, 
126th O. Infantry, 
4th Term. Infantry, 
1st Pa. Cavalry, 
Tth Pa. V. E. C, 
8th O. Cavalry, 
75th O. Infantry. 
5Sth Mass. Artillery. 
17th 111. Infantry. 
13th O. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
1st Md. Artillery, 
113th Pa. Infantry, 
12th O. Infantry, 
4th R. I. Infantry, 
109th Pa. Infantry, 
4th Ind. Cavalry, 
5th N. T. Cavalry, 
7th Pa. V. R. C. 
7th Me. Infantry, 
35th U. S. Infantry. 
16th la. Infantry, 
9th Minn. Infantry. 
3d Ind. Cavalry, 
2d N. T. Mounted Rifles, 
1st N. Y. Dragoons, 
152d N. T. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery. 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
— O. Cavalry, 
69th Mass. Infantry. 



Residence. 
Methuen. Mass. 



Reading, Pa. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
New York City. 
Potosi, Wis. 
Sallneville, O. 
Reading, Pa. 
Barnesville, O. 
Athens, Tenn. 
Patterson, Pa. 
Bart, Pa. 
Piqua, O. 



Russell Station, O. 
Honesdale, Pa. 
Port Deposit, Md. 
Danton, 111. 
Xenia, O. 
Providence, R. I. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Ladoga, Ind. 
Oswego, N. Y. 

Portland, Me. 

Desmoines, Iowa. 

Verny, Ind. 
Buffalo, N. Y. 
Nunda, N. Y. 
TJtica, N. Y. 

Canton, N. Y. 
Dephos, O. 



416 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Loud, E. D. C, 
Luther, J. C, 
Ludwig, M. S., 
Lyman, H. H., 
Lyman, J., 
Lynn, J. L., 
Mather, F. W., 
Mather, E., 
Mangus, H. P., 
Mathews, A. D., 
Mathews, W. F., 
Mallison, J., 
Mayer, G. W., 
Marshland, A. J., 
Marshall, J. D., 
McCutcheon, E. T. 
McCain, J. C, 
McCormick, J., 
McDonald, C, 
McGeehan, J., 
McGinnes, W. A., 
McGuire, T., 
Mcintosh, J. C, 
McKage, J., 
McLaughlin, J., 

McLane, 

McManus, P. W., 
McMahon, E., 
McNure, A., 
McNettervill, W., 
McWain, E. J., 
Menier, N. J., 
Mitchell, H. W., 
Mitchell, H. G, 
Miller, J. W., 
Miller, H., 
Mix, W. H., 
Mockrie, P. B., 
Monaghan, J., 



Regiment or Command. 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
1st Pa. V. R. C, 
53d Pa. Infantry, 
147th N. T. Infantry, 
27th Mass. Infantry, 
145 th Pa. Infantry, 
7th N. Y. Artillery, 
IstVt. Cavalry, 
53d Pa. Infantry, 
IstVt. Artillery, 
1st Md. Infantry, 
94th N. Y. Infantry, 
37th Ind. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
57th Ohio Infantry, 
64th N. Y. Infantry, 
9th Minn. Infantry, 
21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
2d 111. Artillery, 
146th N. Y. Infantry, 
19th Mass. Infantry, 
7th 111. Infantry, 
145th Pa. Infantry, 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
53d Pa. Infantry, 
9th Minn. Infantry. 
27th Mass. Infantry, 
72d O. Infantry. 
73d Pa. Infantry, 
12th U. S. Infantry. 
1st N. Y. Artillery, 
93d Ind. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. Infantry. 
32d Me. Infantry, 
14th 111. Cavalry, 
17th Mich. Infantry, 
19th U.S. C. T., 
7th N. Y. Artillery, 
62d Pa. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Ptidgeway, Pa. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Pulaski, N. Y. 
East Hampton, Mass. 
West Greenville, Pa. 
Albany, N. Y. 
Fair Haven, Vt. 
Winfleld, Pa. 
Brownington, Vt 
Martinsburg, W. Va. 
. Brandon, Wis. 
Lawrenceburg, Ind. 
Nicetown, Pa. 
Wapakourutta, O. 
Gowanda, N. Y. 
Logansport, Ind. 
Troy, N. Y. 
Tamaroa, 111. 
Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Boston, Mass. 
St. Charles, HI. 
Erie, Pa. 

Hollidaysburg, Pa. 
James' Creek, Pa. 

Davenport, Iowa, 

Philadelphia, Pa. 

Rochester, Vt. 
Leopold, Ind. 

Portland, Me. 
Lincoln, HI. 
Detroit, Mich. 
Warsaw, N. Y. 
Albany, N. Y. 
New York City. 



APPENDIX. 



417 



Name. 
Morse, A., 
Morris, J. H., 
Morton, G. C, 
Muffley, S. F., 
Murphey, J., 
Mullegau, J. A., 
Munger, T. J., 
Nelson, A., 
Needhani, J. B., 
Neal, A, 
Nealy, O. H., 
Neher, W., 
Niedenhoffen, C, 
Niswander, D. M., 
Noggle, H. L., 
Norwood, J., 
Nulland, W. R., 
Nyman, H. J., 
O'Connell, P., 
Ogden, J., 
O'Harre, J., 
Oliphant, D., 
Olden, G. C, 
O'Shea, E., 
Osborne, F., 
Outcolt, R. V., 
Parker, J. T., 
Parker, G. M., 
Parker, E. P.., 
Partridge, W. H., 
Patterson, G. W., 
Palmer, J. H., 
Peake, D. S. f 
Pentzell, D., 
Petry, J. C, 
Peters, G., 
Peck, W. D., 
Perrin, Z., 
Phinney, A., 

17* 



Regiment or Command. 
IstVt. Artillery, 
4th Ky. Infantry. 
4th Pa. Cavalry. 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
69th N. Y. Infantry, 
4th Mass. Cavalry, 
37th Wis. Infantry, 
66th N. Y. Infantry, 
4th Vt. Infantry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry. 
11th U. S. Infantry, 
9th Pa. V. R. C, 
9th Minn. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
2d U. S. Infantry, 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
19th Mich. Infantry. 
55th Pa. Infantry, 
1st Wis. Cavalry, 
7th N. Y. Artillery, 
35th N. J. Infantry. 
112th 111. Infantry. 
13tn Pa. Cavalry, 
19th Mass. Infantry, 
135th O. Infantry. 
13th la. Infantry, 
45th 111. Infantry, 
1st Vt Artillery. 
67th N. Y. Infantry, 
135th O. Infantry, 
12th O. Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
4th N. Y. Cavalry. 
95th O. Infantry, 
9th N. J. Infantry, 



72d O. Infantry, 
90th 111. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Fayetteville, Vt. 



Howard, Pa. 
Newark, N. J. 
Biddeford, Me. 
Madison, Wis. 
Westchester, N. Y. 
Shrewsbury, Vt. 

Boston, Mass. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 
Winona, Minn. 
Welch Bun, Pa. 
Janesville, Wis. 
Slaterville, N. Y. 
Lafayette, Ind. 

Johnstown, Pa. 
Winona, Minn. 
Cohoes, N. Y. 



Philadelphia, Pa. 
Byfield, Mass. 

Sigourney, Iowa. 
Carmi, 111. 

Brooklyn, N. Y. 
Alexander, O. 
Ripley, O. 
Hinsdale, N. Y. 

London, O. 
Elizabeth, N. J. 
Syracuse, N. Y. 
Clyde, O. 
Rockford, 111. 



418 



APPENDIX. 



Name, 
Phillips, W. B., 
Pinchenpaugh, A. C, 
Pioquet, H., 
PilCard, D. H., 
Pierce, H. H., 
Pierce, Worthington, 
Pierson, E. C, 
Pierson, M. P., 
Pierson, A. P., 
Pitt, G.W., 
Pitt, J. H., 
Piatt, S. H., 
Powell, W. H., 
Post, James, 
Porter, L. G., 
Pope, W. A, 
Poindcxter, C. O., 
Provine, W. N., 
Price, C. A., 
Price, J. C, 
Price, Chas. A., 
Preston, A. L., 
Purveance, J. S., 
Purcell, T., 
Pyne, D. B., 
Rahn, O., 
Raymond, H. W., 
Ramsey, E. K., 
Rathbone, T. W., 
Raynor, A. J., 
Rainsr, L., 
Randall, W. H., 
Bees, M., 
Reed, J. n., 
Eeode, J., 
Richards, L. S., 
Richards, J. M., 
Rienecker, G., 
Riley, L. H., 



Regiment or Command. 
2d Pa. Artillery, 
6th W. Va. Inf antry, 
32cllll. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. Infantry, 
7th Conn. Infantry, 
17th Vt, Infantry, 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
190th N. Y. Infantry, 
9th Mich. Cavalry. 
85th N. Y. Veterans, 
118th N. Y. Infantry, 
34th Mass. Infantry, 
2d 111. Artillery. 
149th Pa. Infantry, 
81st 111. Infantry, 
18th Wis. Infantry. 
31st Me. Infantry, 
84th 111. Infantry, 
5th Mich. Infantry, 
75th O. Infantry. 
3d Mich. Infantry, 
8th Mich. Cavalry, 
130th Ind. Infantry, 
16th la. Infantry, 
3d Mo. Inf antiy, 
184th Pa. Infantry, 
8th N. Y. Artillery, 
1st N. J. Infantry, 
153d O. Infantry. 
19th TJ. S. C. T., 
2d N. J. Cavalry, 
1st Mich. S. S., 
72d O. Infantry, 
120th 111. Infantry. 
57th Mass. Infantry, 
1st Vt. Artillery, 
1st W. Va. Infantry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry. 
7th Pa, V. R. C. 



Residence. 
Hyde Park, Pa. 
Morgantown, W. Va. 
Olney, IU. 
New York City. 
Unionville, Conn. 
Woodstock, Vt. 
Waterloo, N. Y. 
Le Roy, N. Y. 

Short Tract, N. Y. 
Canton, N. Y. 
Pittsfield, Mass. 

Shickshinny, Pa. 
Tamaroa, I1L 

Bridgeton, Me. 
Vermont, 111. 
Maple Rapids, Mich. 

Maple Rapids, Mich. 
Mount Clemmun, Mich. 
Huntington, Ind. 
Muscatine, Iowa. 
Alden, Iowa, 
Duncannon, Pa, 
Elba, N. Y. 
Phoenixville, Pa. 

Ontario, N. Y. 
Freehold, N. J., 
Ypsilanti, Mich. 
Rollersville, O. 

Milford, Mass. 
West Concord, Vt. 
Wheeling, W. Va. 



APPENDIX. 



419 



Name. 
Riley, W. L., 
King, A., 
"Rice, J. S., 
Rose, W. B., 
Kose, J. C, 
Rowley, G. A., 
Robinson, B. E., 
Robeson, J. S., 
Roberts, E. R., 
Roach, W. E., 
Rothe, H., 
Ross, C. H., 
Ruger, J. M., 
Rugg, C. L., 
Sargeant, M. G., 
Sandon, W., 
Sailor, J., 
Sanders, C. B., 
Scurr, C, 
Scott, Geo., 
Schwartz, C. S., 
Scripture, F. E., 
Schulter, H., 
Schofleld, T. D., 
Seely, L. D., 
Shofer, W. H., 
Shanan, M., 
Shannon, A. L., 
Shepstrong, M. N., 
Sheehan, J. P., 
Shull, J. F., 
Shaefer, N. W., 
Sitler, J. R., 
Simmons, A. B., 
Simmondson, P. A., 
Skinner, J. L., 
Slout, J. O., 
Smith, E. B., 
Smith, M. S., 



Regiment or Command. 
21st N. Y. Cavalry, 
12th O. Infantry. 
13th Ind. Infantry, 
73d 111. Infantry. 
120th HI. Infantry, 
2d U. S. Infantry. 
95th O. Infantry, 
7th Term. Cavalry, 
7th 111. Infantry. 
49th N. Y. Infantry, 
15th N. Y. Artillery, 
13th Ind. Infantry, 
57th Pa. Infantry. 
6th Ind. Cavalry, 
1st Vt. Artillery, 
1st Wis. Cavalry, 
13th Pa. Cavalry, 
35th TJ. S. C. T. 
7th N. Y. Artillery. 
10th Ind. Infantry, 
2d N. J. Cavalry, 
A. Q. M. U. S. Vols. 
43d N. Y. Infantry, 
27th Mich. Infantry. 
45th Pa. Infantry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry. 
14th N. Y. Infantry. 
3d Ind. Cavalry, 
60th O. Infantry. 
31st Me. Infantry, 
28th U. S. C. T., 
24th Ind. Cavalry. 
2d Pa. Cavalry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
23d TJ. S. C. T. 
27th Mass. Infantry, 
— O. Cavalry, 
1st Vt. Artillery, 
16th Me. Infantry, 



Residence. 
Brighton, N. Y. 

Washington, Iowa, 

Vienna, 111. 

Reynoldsburg, Pa. 
Huntington, Tenn. 

Rochester, N. Y. 
Alexandria, Va. 
Janesville, Pa. 

Newport, Ky. 
Newport, Vt. 
Ontario, Wis. 
Newport, Pa. 

Lebanon, Md. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Albany, N. Y. 

Knosville, Pa. 

Hanover, Ind. 

Dennysville, Me. 
Bloomington, Ind. 

Harmonsburg, Pa. 
Union City, Indiana. 

Amherst, Mass. 
Wooster, O. 
Newport, Vt. 
East Livermore, Me. 



420 



APPENDIX. 



Fame. 
Smith, A. M., 
Smith, J. C, 
Smith, J. B., 
Smith, J. P., 
Smith, P., 
Smith, J. 
Smith, S. B., 
Smythe, S. S., 
Smyser, H. C, 
Snowwhite, E., 
Spring, B., 
Sturgeon, W. B., 
Stover, M. H., 
Stover, A. C, 
Stallman, C. H., 
Stevens, F., 
Stevens, J. G., 
Stevens, Frank, 
iStewart, A. S., 
Stewart, B. K., 
Stuart, C, 
Strickland, E. P., 
Stebbens, J., 
Stanton, J. W., 
St. John, W. H., 
Starr, H. P., 
Stone, C. P., 
Stauber, B. F., 
Striblings, M. W., 
Swift, E., 
Sweet, W. H. S., 
Sweetland, A. A, 
Swope, C. T., 
Tainter, H. S., 
Tanner, D., 
Taylor, J., 
Taw, E. C, 
Tiffany, A. W., 
Timm, A, 



Regiment or Command. 
1st Tenn. Cavalry. 
24th Ind. Battery. 
Sth W. Va. Cavalry. 
49th Pa. Infantry, 
4th Tenn Cavalry, 
5th Pa. Cavalry. 
30th U. S. C. T., 
1st 111. Arttllery, 
2d Md. Infantry, 
7th Pa. V. E. C, 
75th O. Infantry. 
107th Pa. Infantry, 
184th Pa. Infantry. 
95th O. Infantry, 
87th Pa. Infantry, 
KOth Pa. Infantry. 
52d Pa. Infantry. 
15th Pa. V. R. C. 
4th Ky. Infantry, 
2d — Cavalry. 
24th N. Y. Infantry, 
114th 111. Infantry. 
77th N. Y. Infantry. 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
5th Ind. Cavalry, 
22d N. Y. Cavalry, 
1st Vt. Cavalry, 
20th Pa. Cavalry, 
61st O. Infantry, 
74th 111. Infantry, 
146th N. Y. Infantry, 
2d Pa. Cavalry. 
4th Ky. Infantry. 
82d N. Y. Infantry. 
118th 111. Infantry. 
2d Pa. V. E. C. 
67th N. Y. Infantry. 
9th Minn. Infantry, 
16th la. Infantry, 



Spring Mills, Pa. 
Morristown, Pa. 

Woodbury, N. Y. 
Elkhorn, 111. 
Ashland Furnace, Pa, 
Palmyra, Pa. 

Shippensburg, Pa. 

TJrbania, O. 
York, Pa. 



Meadow Gap, Pa. 
New York City. 



Carmel, Ind. 
Greensburg, Ind. 
Eochester, N. Y. 
Brattleboro, "Vt. 
Lewistown, Pa. 
Circleville, O. 
Pecatomica, 111. 
Utica, N. Y. 



Carver, Minn. 
Davenport, Md., 



APPENDIX. 



421 



Fame. 
Tinker, S. H., 
Tipton, A. F., 
Tompkins, H. V., 
Tompson, J. S., 
Todd, O., 
Tower, D. W., 
Tomeon, F. 
To Del, C, 
Toby, J. P. F., 
Trout, B. W., 
Turner, David, 
Tyler, L. E., 
Van Alin, W. C, 
Van Doren, D., 
Van Renealaer, C, 
Von Bulow, A., 
Von Valack, D. D., 
Warren, J. W., 
Warren, D. H., 
Ward, T. H., 
Warner, J. B., 
Warner, J., 
Walker, J., 
Waterman, F., 
Watson, J. C, 
West, O. W., 
West, D. J., 
Wentworth, H. A., 
Weddle, Geo., 
Weisner, T. A, 
Whittemore, B. W., 
Wheaton, J., 
Whitten, B. F., 
Wheeler, J. F., 
Winters, J., 
Wilcox, C. W., 
Wing, G. H., 
Wilson, E. S., 
Wiison, R. P., 



Regiment or Command. 
93d Ind. Infantry, 
8th la. Cavalry, 
59th N. Y. Infantry. 
10th Vt Infantry. 
18th Wis. Infantry, 
17th la. Infantry, 
17th la. Infantry. 
15th N. Y. Artillery, 
Slst Me. Infantry, 
106th Pa. Infantry, 
118th I1L Infantry, 
1st Conn. Cavalry, 
45th Pa. Cavalry, 
72d O. Infantry, 
148th N. Y. Infantry, 
3d N. J. Cavalry, 
12th U. S. Infantry. 
1st Wis. Cavalry, 
8th la. Cavalry, 
59th U. S. C. T. 
8th Mich. Cavalry, 
S3d N. J. Infantry, 
8th Tenn. Infantry, 
16th la. Infantry, 
126th O. Infantry, 
1st U. S. Dragoons, 
6th Conn. Infantry, 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
145th O. Dafantry, 
14th 111. Infantry, 
5th N. Y. Cavalry. 
59th U. S. C. T. 
9th Me. Infantry. 
149th N. Y. Infantry, 
72d O. Infantry, 
9th N. H. Infantry. 
14th N. Y. Artillery, 
1st Mass. Cavalry, 
5th U. S. Cavalry, 



Residence. 
Allen sville, Ind. 
Elkader, Iowa. 



Adrian, Mich. 
Farmington, Iowa. 

New York City. 
Machias Post, Me. 
Canton, Pa. 
Warsaw, HL 
Preston, City, Conn. 
Fleming, Pa. 
Fremont, O. 
Seneca Falls, N. Y. 
New York City. 

Beaver Dam, Wis. 
Glencoe, O. 

Marshall, Mich. 
Newark, N. J. 
Bull's Gap, Tenn. 
Davenport, la. 
New Salem, O. 
Dansville, N. Y. 
Bridgeport, Conn. 
Randolph, N. Y. 
Perrysburg, O. 
Greenfield, 111. 



Salina, N. Y. 
Townsend, O. 

Glenn's Falls, N. Y. 
Havana, Cuba. 
Philadelphia, Pa. 



422 



APPENDIX. 



Name. 
Wilson, R., 
Willis, H. H., 
Winship, J., 
Williams, W., 
WUker, W. H., 
Woodruff, F. M., 
Woodrow, C. W., 
Young, W. J., 
Young, T. P., 
Young,* A., 
York, J. H., 
Zeigler, Aaron, 
Zimini, A., 
Zobel, C, 



Regiment or Command. 
113th 111. Infantry, 
40th N. Y. Infantry, 
88th 111. Infantry, 
8th Mich. Cavalry. 
4th O. Infantry, 
76th N. Y. Infantry, 
19th la. Infantry, 
111th 111. Infantry, 
4th Ky. Infantry. 
4th Pa. Cavalry, 
63d Ind. Infantry. 
Tth Pa. V. R. C, 
15th la. Infantry. 
15th N. Y. Artillery. 



Residence. 
Chicago, 111. 
Aurora, 111. 
Chicago, 111. 

Arcadia, O. 
Oswego, N. Y. 
Mount Pleasant, Iowa. 
Xenia, I1L 

Newark, N. J. 

Mycrstown, Pa.- 













































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